Umehluko wekhodi ye-Git: amagatsha, izivumelwano namathuluzi achaziwe

Ikhaya » Python » Umehluko wekhodi ye-Git: amagatsha, izivumelwano namathuluzi achaziwe

Uma usebenza ne-Git nsuku zonke, ukuqonda ukuthi ungahlola kanjani umehluko wekhodi kubaluleke kakhulu ukugwema izimanga ezimbi lapho uhlanganisa, ususa amagatsha noma ushicilela ekukhiqizweni. Ukuqhathanisa okushintshile, ukuthi ubani okushintshile nokuthi kwahlukaphi kukuvumela ukuthi ubambe amaphutha kusenesikhathi, ubuyekeze umsebenzi ngokunethezeka futhi ugcine indawo yakho yokugcina icocekile.

Kulesi siqondisi sizohamba igxathu negxathu kukho konke okudingeka ukwazi ngempela mayelana nokwehluka kwekhodi ye-Git: kusukela kokuyisisekelo git diff ukusetshenziswa kwezinketho ezithuthukisiwe njengokungazinaki i-whitespace, ukuqhathanisa amagatsha kanye ne-commits, ukukhiqiza ama-patches ngisho nendlela i-Git ephatha ngayo amafayela e-binary. Sizoxhumanisa le mibono ne-GitHub kanye ne-GitLab workflows, ukuze isithombe sonke se-Git vs GitHub vs GitLab kanye nokubambisana nezicelo zokudonsa kube sobala kakhulu.

Iyini ngempela i-Git nokuthi kungani umehluko wekhodi ubalulekile

I-Git uhlelo lokulawula inguqulo esakazwe kahle oluklanyelwe ukulandelela zonke izinguquko kuphrojekthi yakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathiNgokungafani nezinhlelo ezindala ezihlanganisiwe, wonke umthuthukisi unekhophi ephelele yesitoreji, okuhlanganisa wonke ama-commits, amagatsha namathegi, khona kanye emshinini wakhe. Lokho kusho ukuthi ungahlola umlando, udale amagatsha amasha, uzame futhi uqhathanise izinguqulo ngisho nangaphandle kokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi.

Umqondo oyinhloko ngemuva kwe-Git yizithombe zephrojekthi yakho ebizwa ngokuthi i-commits. Isibopho ngasinye simelela isimo esithile sawo wonke amafayela alandelelwe ngesikhathi esithile futhi sithola i-hash ehlukile (i-SHA-1 noma indawo yayo yesimanje) eyikhombayo. Uma ukhuluma "ngomehluko wekhodi ku-Git", ukhuluma ngempela ngomehluko phakathi kwalezi zithombe ezimbili: izibopho ezimbili, amagatsha amabili, noma isiqondisi sakho esisebenzayo uma kuqhathaniswa nesibopho sokugcina.

Imodeli yegatsha likaGit yiyo eyenza ama-diff abe namandla kangakaAmagatsha (avame ukubizwa ngokuthi feature, bugfix, main or master) zimane nje ziyizinkomba zokulandelana kwemisebenzi. Ungasebenza kuzici ezintsha noma ama-hotfixes ahlukene, bese usebenzisa ama-diffs ukuze ubukeze ngqo ukuthi yini eshintshile ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa lawo magatsha emuva emgqeni oyinhloko.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-Git isatshalaliswa, ukubambisana kuvame ukuhilela kokubili izindawo zokugcina zasendaweni nezikudeEndaweni yakho une-repo yakho ephelele; ukude uvame ukusunduza uye kumapulatifomu afana ne-GitHub noma i-GitLab, asebenza njengezindawo eziyinhloko. Imisebenzi eminingi yeqembu ijikeleza ekudaleni amagatsha, ukwenza izinguquko ezincane ezinengqondo, ukubuyekeza umehluko ngama-diffs bese uhlanganisa ngezicelo zokudonsa noma izicelo zokuhlanganisa.

Imiqondo ye-Key Git ngemuva kokwehluka kwekhodi

Ngaphambi kokumba imiyalo ye-diff, udinga imodeli ecacile yengqondo yezindawo ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-Git futhi amakhono onjiniyela: isiqondisi esisebenzayo, indawo yesiteji kanye nendawo yokugcina. Lo modeli uchaza ukuthi yini ngempela eqhathaniswayo uma usebenzisa git diff.

Isiqondisi esisebenzayo yifolda emshinini wakho lapho uhlela khona amafayelaNoma yiliphi ifayela olishintshayo, olidalayo noma olisusayo lihlala lapha kuqala. Lezi zinguquko azikabi yingxenye yomlando we-Git; zimane nje ziyizinhlelo zasendaweni ezingase zenziwe noma zingase zingapheli.

Indawo yokubeka isiteji (ebizwa nangokuthi inkomba) iyisithambisi esiphakathi lapho ulungiselela khona izinguquko zesithembiso esilandelayoUma ugijima git add, ukhetha ukuthi yimaphi amafayela aguquliwe noma ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zefayela ofuna ukuzifaka esithombeni esizayo. Amathuluzi e-Git diff angabonisa ngokunembile ukuthi yini ehlelwe ngokwezigaba uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okusasele kuphela kufolda yokusebenza.

Indawo yokugcina igcina umlando osemthethweni: konke okwenziwayo, amagatsha namathegi. Isibopho ngasinye sikhomba esihlahleni samafayela amelela okuqukethwe okuqondile ngaleso sikhathi. Uma uqhathanisa ama-commits, amagatsha noma amathegi, i-Git iqhathanisa ngempumelelo lezi zihlahla futhi igqamisa imigqa eyengeziwe, esusiwe noma eguquliwe.

I-HEAD iyisikhombisi esitshela i-Git ukuthi yiliphi i-commit kanye negatsha okulo njengamanje. Isikhathi esiningi HEAD ibhekisela ekuzibophezeleni kwakamuva kwegatsha lakho elisebenzayo. Uma uhlola ukuzibophezela okudala ngqo esikhundleni segatsha, ungena esimweni esaziwayo esithi "detached HEAD": ama-diff asasebenza, kodwa ama-commits amasha ngeke anamathiselwe egatsheni eliqanjwe igama ngaphandle kokuthi udale elilodwa.

Ukufunda okuluhlaza kuyahluka: indlela i-Git ekhombisa ngayo izinguquko zekhodi

Emongweni wayo, i-Git imelela umehluko isebenzisa ifomethi yombhalo emfushane kakhulu lokho kufaka phakathi isingeniso, imethadatha, omaka abachaza ukuthi yimiphi imigqa eshintshile kanye nezimpawu zangempela zekhodi. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kwenza ukuphuma kwe-diff kungabi yinto esabekayo kakhulu ku-terminal yakho.

Isingeniso se-diff sichaza ukuthi yini eqhathaniswayoNgokuvamile kuqala ngomugqa ofana diff --git a/file.txt b/file.txt, kulandelwe imigqa yemethadatha eqala ngo- index or ---/+++Lokhu kukutshela ukuthi yiziphi izinguqulo zamafayela ezihilelekile, ama-hashe awo nokuthi ifayela lengeziwe, lashintshwa noma lasuswa.

Amamaki okushintsha amemezela ukuthi yimiphi imigqa yamafayela okuqala namasha afakiwe ku-hunk ngayinye. Zibukeka sengathi @@ -10,7 +10,9 @@Izinombolo zibonisa ukuthi i-hunk iqala emgqeni we-10 wefayela elidala kanye nomugqa we-10 wefayela elisha, ngemigqa engu-7 kanye nengu-9 ngokulandelana. Lo mongo uyakusiza ukuthi uziqondise lapho uvula ifayela kumhleli.

Ngaphakathi kwe-hunk ngayinye, i-Git isebenzisa iziqalo emgqeni ngamunye ukukhombisa okwenzekile. Umholi - kusho ukuthi umugqa ususiwe, + kusho ukuthi yengezwe, kanti isikhala sisho ukuthi ayishintshiwe ifakiwe ukuze ifundeke kalula. Ngokuskena - futhi + imigqa eceleni ungaphetha ngokuthi ikhodi yavela kanjani phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili.

Kumafayela e-binary I-Git ayikwazi ukubonisa umehluko wombhalo oqondile womugqa nomugqaKulezo zimo uzobona isaziso sokuthi ifayela liyi-binary kanye nesibonakaliso sokuthi lishintshile noma isifinyezo esifana nokuthi “amafayela e-binary ayahluka”. Ukuze uthole ukuqhathanisa okuningiliziwe kwama-binary (izithombe, izimpahla ezihlanganisiwe, njll.) ngokuvamile uthembele kumathuluzi angaphandle noma ababukeli abakhethekile ngaphakathi kwe-IDE yakho.

Kusetshenziswa i-git diff ukuqhathanisa ikhodi

git diff ummese omkhulu webutho laseSwitzerland wokuhlola umehluko wekhodi ku-GitUmyalo wamukela uhla olubanzi lwezimpikiswano ukuze ukwazi ukuqhathanisa izinguquko ezisebenzayo, izinguquko ezihleliwe, imisebenzi, amagatsha noma ngisho namafayela ezindaweni ezahlukene zokugcina.

Uma ugijima git diff ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano, i-Git ikhombisa ukuthi yini eshintshile kufolda yakho yokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nenkombaNgamanye amazwi, ubona yonke inguquko engakahlelwa ngesigaba git addLokhu kulungele ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kokuqonda ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi yini ozoyifaka esivumelwaneni sakho esilandelayo.

Ukuze ubone ukuthi yini ehleliwe kodwa engakaboshwa, usebenzisa git diff --cached (noma --staged)Lokhu kuqhathanisa kuphakathi kwendawo yokubeka isiteji kanye nesibopho sokugcina. Ngokuvamile kuyisinyathelo sokugcina sokubuyekeza ngaphambi nje kokuqalisa git commit, okukusiza ukuthi uqinisekise ukuthi wenza imigqa ehlosiwe kuphela.

I-Git ikuvumela ukuthi ugxile kuhlukile kumafayela athile, iziqondisi noma izindlelaNgokufaka indlela ngemuva --, njengoba ku git diff -- src/ or git diff main..feature -- path/to/file.py, ukhawulela umphumela kulezo zingcezu zephrojekthi kuphela. Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu kuma-monorepos amakhulu noma lapho ubuyekeza uhlelo oluthile olungaphansi.

Ukungazinaki izinguquko zesikhala esimhlophe kuyasindisa impilo lapho othile eshintsha ikhodi. Izinketho ezifana --ignore-space-change or --ignore-all-space Tshela i-Git ukuthi iphathe ukuhlela okuningi kwesikhala esimhlophe kuphela njengokungabalulekile, ukuze ukwazi ukugxila ezinguqukweni ezinengqondo esikhundleni somsindo ovela ekufakweni noma ukulungiswa kokugoqwa kwemigqa.

Ukugqamisa izinguquko ngokucacile

Ama-standard diffs ngezinye izikhathi angaba mancane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emigqeni emideNgenhlanhla i-Git ifaka izithuthukisi eziningana ukuze igqamise izinguquko ngokuningiliziwe, okungenza ukubuyekezwa kusheshe futhi kube lula emehlweni.

Icebo elilodwa elidumile ukusebenzisa git diff --color-wordsEsikhundleni sokumaka imigqa yonke njengeshintshiwe, i-Git izozama ukugqamisa amagama noma amathokheni ashintshiwe kuphela kuleyo migqa. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi kumadokhumenti, amafayela okucushwa noma amasignesha amade omsebenzi lapho kushintshwe khona ingxenye encane kuphela.

Enye inketho enamandla ukuthi git diff-highlight, ngokuvamile kufakwa njengesikripthi somnikelo. Isebenza ngemuva kokukhipha okuhlukile futhi igcizelela ngokubonakalayo izingxenye eziqondile zomugqa ngamunye ezishintshiwe. Kuhlanganiswe nokusekelwa kombala kutheminali yakho, lokhu kungakunikeza ulwazi olufana ne-IDE oluseduze ngqo kusuka kumugqa womyalo.

Ama-IDE amaningi kanye nabahleli bekhodi bahlanganisa le mibono kubabukeli bezithombe ezihlukileAmathuluzi anjenge-Visual Studio Code, i-IntelliJ IDEA noma eyakhelwe ngaphakathi gitk ukuboniswa kwamakhasimende okuqhathanisa eceleni, amaphuzu avelele asemgqeni kanye namagrafu omlando, konke kuqhutshwa idatha efanayo ye-Git diff.

Ngisho nasezikhumulweni ezivamile ungathuthukisa ukufundeka ngokunika amandla okukhipha umbala. Ukusetha git config --global color.ui auto noma usebenzisa git diff --color kwenza izengezo nokususa kuvele ngemibala ehlukene, kunciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa ngesandla.

Ukuqhathanisa amagatsha ku-Git

Esinye sezimo ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni wangempela ukuqhathanisa amagatsha amabili ukuqonda ukuthi yini eshintshile ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa noma ukususa eyodwa yazo. I-Git inikeza amanothi amabili ayinhloko kulokhu: amachashazi amabili (..) kanye namachashazi amathathu (...), ngamunye uphendula umbuzo ohlukile kancane.

I-syntax yamachashazi amabili branch1..branch2 uqhathanisa izihloko zamagatsha amabili ngqoUma ugijima git diff branch1..branch2, I-Git ikhombisa izinguquko ezizosetshenziswa ukuze zisuke ku- branch1 kuya branch2Kufana nokubuza ukuthi “yini i-branch2 enayo leyo i-branch1 engenayo?”.

I-syntax yamachashazi amathathu branch1...branch2 uqhathanisa igatsha ngalinye nokhokho wabo ofanayo. Nge git diff branch1...branch2, I-Git ikhombisa ukuthi yini eshintshile ku branch2 kusukela lapho yahlukana khona branch1Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu kumagatsha esici ngoba kuhlukanisa umsebenzi owenziwe kulelo gatsha kuphela.

Ungasebenzisa futhi git log branch1..branch2 ukufaka ohlwini izibopho ezihlukile kuzo branch2Lokhu empeleni inguqulo yomlando we-diff esisanda kuyichaza: esikhundleni sokushintsha komugqa, ubona ukulandelana kwemisebenzi engakahlanganiswa kusuka kwelinye igatsha kuya kwelinye.

Ngaphambi kokususa igatsha, ukuhlola umehluko kuyindlela enhle yokuphepha. Ukugijima ngokushesha git log main..old-feature or git diff main..old-feature kuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inkontileka ebalulekile isivele ihlanganisiwe. Uma ilogi iphuma ingenalutho, ungalisusa ngokuqiniseka lelo gatsha kokubili ezindaweni zokugcina zasendaweni nezikude.

Ukuqhathanisa imisebenzi, amafayela namathegi

I-Git diff ayikhawulelwe kumagatsha; ungaqhathanisa noma yiziphi izivumelwano ezimbili, amathegi noma izinkomba ezingahleliweWonke umuntu obhekisela ku-Git uyaqonda (igama legatsha, ithegi, i-commit hash, HEAD~2, njalo njalo) ingaxhunywa kumyalo we-diff.

Ukuze ubone umehluko phakathi kwezibopho ezimbili ezithile, umane usebenzise izihlonzi zazo. Ngokwesibonelo, git diff abc1234 def5678 iphrinta zonke izinguquko phakathi kwalawo maphuzu amabili emlandweni. Lokhu kuyasiza uma uphenya ukuthi yini eshintshile mayelana nenkinga yokubuyela emuva noma yokusebenza.

Ukuqhathanisa ifayela elilodwa kuwo wonke amagatsha noma i-commits kusebenzisa i-syntax efanayo nendlela ekugcineniUmyalo ofana git diff main..feature path/to/config.yml kwembula ukuthi lelo fayela lokucushwa lavela kanjani egatsheni lesici ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuvela ezinhlokweni ezingahlobene.

Amathegi ku-Git ayizinkomba ezihleliwe, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziselwa ukukhishwa noma izigigaba ezibalulekile. Ukugijima git diff v1.0.0 v1.1.0 ikhombisa ukuguqulwa kwekhodi ngayinye phakathi kwalezo zinguqulo ezimbili ezikhishwe. Lena yindlela enhle yokubhala amanothi okukhishwa noma ukuqonda ububanzi bezinguquko ezethulwa enguqulweni entsha.

Ngezinye izikhathi isifinyezo esifushane sanele, futhi yilapho --stat inketho iyakhanya. git diff --stat main..feature iphrinta ithebula elincanyana ngefayela ngalinye elinezinombolo zokufakwa nokususwa, okukuvumela ukuthi ulinganise usayizi woshintsho olusethiwe ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuskrola ngokusebenzisa ama-hunk agcwele.

Umehluko wefayela le-binary kanye nemikhawulo

Uma kukhulunywa ngama-binary, i-Git iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile ngoba ayikwazi ukwenza ukuqhathanisa okusekelwe kumigqa okunenjongoIsibonelo, amafayela ezithombe, amavidiyo noma ama-executable ahlanganisiwe awanayo imigqa yombhalo ngomqondo ojwayelekile, ngakho-ke ifomethi ye-diff ehlanganisiwe yakudala ngeke ibe nomqondo.

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-Git izokutshela ukuthi amafayela e-binary ahlukile noma nini lapho into enama-binary ishintsha phakathi kokubuyekezwa okubili. Umphumela ungase ube lula njengomyalezo womugqa owodwa esikhundleni sezindlela ezivamile, okubonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kubuyekeziwe ngaphandle kokuzama ukukhombisa imininingwane eqondile yezinga le-byte.

Kumaqembu avame ukusebenza ngama-binary, amathuluzi angaphandle avame ukufakwa emsebenziniIzibukeli ze-graphic diff, izinsiza zokuqhathanisa izithombe noma ama-plugin akhethekile angakusiza ukuthi ubone izinguquko ezibonakalayo (isibonelo kumafa wokuklama) kuyilapho i-Git isaphatha izinguqulo nomlando ngaphansi kwe-hood.

Ngisho noma ukuhluka kwesitayela sombhalo kunqunyelwe kuma-binary, i-Git isalandelela umlando ogcwele walawa mafayelaUngabuyela ezinguqulweni ezindala, uqhathanise osayizi bamafayela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma udale ama-patches afaka izinguquko ezimbili, kodwa ukuhlolwa okucolekile kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesibonisi esivamile se-diff yomugqa womyalo.

Ukubona ngeso lengqondo umehluko nomlando

Ngezinye izikhathi ukukhipha okuluhlaza kwe-terminal akuyona indlela enembile kakhulu yokuqonda izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina ezinkulu ezinabanikeli abaningi. I-ecosystem ye-Git inikeza amathuluzi amaningana okubona umehluko nomlando ngokucacile.

gitk iyi-GUI yakudala ehlanganiswe ne-Git edweba umlando wokuzibophezela odwetshwe ngezithombeUngabona amagatsha njengemigqa enemibala, uhlole amaphuzu okuhlanganisa bese ucindezela kabili ukuze uhlole umehluko wawo. Kulula kodwa kuyasebenza ekuqondeni isakhiwo samagatsha.

Umyalo we-terminal git log --graph ikunikeza inguqulo yobuciko ye-ASCII yegrafu yomlando. Ihlanganiswe nayo --oneline --decorate --all, kukhombisa ngokushesha ukuthi amagatsha ahlukana kanjani futhi aphinde ahlangane kanjani, okwenza kube lula ukucabanga ngokuthi yiziphi izinto okufanele zibe lapho ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imiyalo ye-diff.

Ama-IDE esimanje njenge-Visual Studio Code, i-IntelliJ IDEA noma i-JetBrains Rider afika nokusekelwa kwe-Git okuhlanganiswe ngokujulileBanikeza ama-diff ahambisanayo, amazwana angaphakathi, ama-hunk ahleliwe, izichasiselo zokusola kanye nokubukwa komlando okulula, konke kuxhaswe yimisebenzi efanayo ye-Git ongayisebenzisa ngesandla.

Kumapulatifomu aphethwe njengeGitHub neGitLab, izicelo zokudonsa noma zokuhlanganisa zifaka imibono ehlukahlukene ecebileUngabuyekeza imisebenzi ngayinye, amagatsha aphelele, noma amafayela angawodwa, ubeke amazwana emigqeni ethile futhi usebenzise izinqubomgomo ezifana nokubuyekezwa okudingekayo, konke lokhu ngenkathi uhlola ukuthi yini eshintshile ngokusebenzisa izixhumi zewebhu ezinobungane.

Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenza uma usebenza ngomehluko we-Git

Ukusebenzisa kahle ama-Git diffs akukhona nje kuphela ngemiyalo; kumayelana nemikhuba futhi i-logic yokuhlelaImikhuba emihle ephathelene nokuhlanganisa, ukuzibophezela kanye nokubuyekeza ikhodi ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukubambisana futhi inciphise izingxabano zokuhlanganisa.

Buyekeza njalo umehluko ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa amagatsha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenzisa git diff main..feature endaweni noma isicelo sokudonsa ku-GitHub, ukubheka ngokucophelela izinguquko kusiza ukuvimbela ikhodi yokulungisa iphutha ngengozi, amafayela akhohliwe noma ama-refactor angalindelekile ukuthi angangeni egatsheni lakho eliyinhloko.

Gcina amagatsha egxile futhi eqanjwe ngamagama anencazeloUkusebenzisa amagama achazayo afana nalawa feature/user-auth or bugfix/payment-timeout futhi ukukhawulela igatsha ngalinye emgomweni ocacile kwenza umehluko ube mncane futhi kube lula ukuwuqonda, okuyinto ozakwenu abazoyijabulela ngempela.

Hlanza njalo amagatsha ahlanganisiwe noma aphelelwe yisikhathiUma usuqinisekisile ngamalogi futhi uhlukile ukuthi zonke izibopho ezifanele zikhona egatsheni lakho eliyinhloko, kuwukuhlakanipha ukususa amagatsha amadala kokubili endaweni kanye naku-remote ukuze ugweme ukuxinana nokudideka.

Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuqopha lapho umlando uba nzima. Ukuze uthole izindawo zokugcina eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinabanikeli abaningi, ukuhlanganisa git diff ngamagrafu omlando obonakalayo, amathuluzi e-IDE noma ama-UI epulatifomu angenza kube lula kakhulu ukulandelela ukuthi ushintsho luvelaphi nokuthi lugeleza kanjani emagatsheni.

Indlela i-Git, i-GitHub kanye ne-GitLab ezihlangana ngayo ngokubambisana

Kuvamile ukuxuba i-Git ne-GitHub noma i-GitLab, kodwa ngayinye idlala indima ehlukile emsebenzini wakho wansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lezi zindima kubalulekile uma ukhuluma ngomehluko wekhodi esimweni seqembu.

I-Git ngokwayo iyinjini yokulawula inguqulo. Isebenza endaweni yakho emshinini wakho, iphatha ama-commits, amagatsha, amathegi kanye nama-diffs, futhi ayidingi ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi. Konke esixoxe ngakho git diff, git log futhi ukuqhathaniswa kwegatsha kwenzeka kuleli zinga.

I-GitHub iyipulatifomu yamafu eyakhelwe phezu kwe-Git ebamba izindawo zokugcina ezikudeIhlinzeka nge-interface yewebhu yokuphequlula ikhodi, ukubuka ama-diff, ukuvula izinkinga, ukuphatha amaphrojekthi kanye nokusebenzisana ngezicelo zokudonsa. Ithandwa kakhulu ezweni lemithombo evulekile kanye nasezinkampanini eziningi.

I-GitLab ingenye ipulatifomu yewebhu ebamba izindawo zokugcina ze-Git kodwa igxile kakhulu ku-DevOps kanye ne-CI/CDNgaphezu kokusingatha amakhodi kanye nokwehluka, inikeza amapayipi ahlanganisiwe okwakha, ukuhlola nokusebenzisa isofthiwe yakho, kanye namathuluzi okuskena ukuphepha, ukuqapha kanye nokuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi.

Kokubili i-GitHub ne-GitLab zandisa amakhono e-Git okungafani ngezici zokubambisana ezicebileUngabuyekeza izinguquko umugqa nomugqa, wengeze amazwana, ucele ukuguqulwa bese ekugcineni uvuma ukuhlanganiswa, konke lokhu ngenkathi ipulatifomu igcina umkhondo wokuthi yiziphi izibopho ezingaphansi kwesicelo sokudonsa noma sokuhlanganisa.

Imiqondo ye-Git ne-GitHub ethonya indlela oqhathanisa ngayo ikhodi

Imiqondo eminingana esezingeni eliphezulu ku-Git kanye ne-GitHub ibumba indlela osingatha ngayo umehlukoUma usukhululekile ngamagatsha kanye nokungafani, le mibono iba yingxenye yomsebenzi wakho wansuku zonke.

Izindawo zokugcina izinto zasendaweni nezikude zisebenza ndawonye ukusekela ukubambisana kweqembu. I-repo yakho yendawo yilapho uhlela khona, uhlela isiteji, uhlukanisa futhi uzibophezele khona; isilawuli kude ku-GitHub noma i-GitLab sisebenza njengomthombo owabiwe wethimba. Imiyalo efana git push futhi git pull ukuvumelanisa imisebenzi, bese uyihlaziya nge-diffs kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.

git clone idala ikhophi ephelele yendawo yokugcina ekude, ephelele nayo yonke umlandoUma usukopishiwe, ungasebenzisa ama-diff endaweni yangakini ngaphandle kokudinga ukufinyelela okuqhubekayo kwenethiwekhi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukulanda ifayela okulula kusuka kusixhumi esibonakalayo sewebhu kukunikeza amafayela ngamanye kuphela angenawo umlando wenguqulo noma amakhono e-diff.

git fetch ivuselela ulwazi lwakho lwendawo ngamagatsha akude futhi izinikele ngaphandle kokuwahlanganisaLokhu kuphelele uma ufuna ukuhlola lokho abanye abakucindezele—usebenzisa git diff futhi git log—ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi uzozihlanganisa kanjani futhi nini lezo zinguquko egatsheni lakho.

Amafoloko kanye nezicelo zokudonsa zinika amandla imodeli ejwayelekile yomnikelo womthombo ovulekile ku-GitHub. Ifoloko liyikhophi yakho ye-repo yomunye umuntu; wenza izinguquko emagatsheni efoloko lakho, bese uvula izicelo zokudonsa emuva kuphrojekthi yokuqala. Abanakekeli babuyekeza izinguquko zakho nge-diffs, baxoxe ngazo kumazwana bese ekugcineni bahlangana lapho konke kubukeka kukuhle.

Izakhi zokwakha ukubambisana kwe-GitHub: izinkinga, ama-PR, ukukhishwa kanye nezindima

Ngaphandle kokungafani okuluhlaza, i-GitHub isonga izinguquko zekhodi ibe ukuhamba komsebenzi okubandakanya abantu, imisebenzi kanye nokukhishwaLezi zinto zisiza umsebenzi wokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo uzungeze umehluko ku-codebase yakho.

Izinkinga ziyindlela ye-GitHub yokulandelela amaphutha, izicelo zezici kanye nemibuzo. Udaba ngalunye lungaxhunyaniswa nezicelo zokudonsa, ukuze uhlale ubona ukuthi yimaphi amakhodi ahlukene ahloselwe ukuxazulula inkinga. Amalebula, abanikezwe kanye namazwana aguqula izinkinga zibe uhlelo lokuphatha iphrojekthi olulula.

Izicelo zokudonsa zihlanganisa isethi yezibopho bese zihluka zibe yiyunithi engabuyekezwaUma uvula i-PR kusuka egatsheni lakho lesici kuya ku- main, I-GitHub ikhombisa wonke umehluko ofanele, ivumela amazwana angaphakathi futhi iphoqelela ukuhlolwa okufana nokuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo. Kuphela ngemva kokuba ababuyekezi bevumile i-PR lapho izinguquko zihlanganiswa khona emgqeni wekhodi oyinhloko.

Ukukhishwa ku-GitHub kuvame ukuhambisana nezibopho ezithile ezimakiwe. Ziphawula izinguqulo ezizinzile zesofthiwe yakho, zinikeze umbhalo we-changelog, zinamathisele izinto zokwakha futhi zinikeze abasebenzisi iphuzu elicacile lokubhekisela. Ngemuva kwezigcawu, umehluko phakathi kwamathegi (abukwe nge-Git diffs) uchaza ngqo ukuthi yini eshintshile kusukela ekukhishweni okukodwa kuya kokulandelayo.

Izindima ezifana nabanikeli kanye nabalingani zichaza izimvume ezizungeze le misebenzi yokusebenza. Ababhali bangathumela izinkinga kanye nezicelo zokudonsa, kuyilapho abahlanganyeli ngokuvamile benamalungelo okusunduza nokuhlanganisa ngqo. Izindima ezicacile zisiza ukulawula ukuthi ubani ongahlanganisa ahluke emagatsheni abalulekile njenge main noma ukukhiqizwa.

Imibhalo ye-Git kanye nemisebenzi yokuqukethwe

I-Git ayikhawulelwe kukhodi yesofthiwe; isetshenziswa kabanzi ukuphatha amadokhumenti futhiAmadokhumenti obuchwepheshe amapulatifomu afana ne-Microsoft Learn ahlala ezindaweni zokugcina ze-Git, lapho ababhali nonjiniyela bebambisana khona besebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo zokuhlanganisa nokwehluka njengabathuthukisi.

Izindawo zokugcina okuqukethwe zivame ukuba nezakhiwo zemibhalo ezihlelekileIzinga eliphezulu articles noma ifolda efanayo ibamba amafayela amadokhumenti (ngokuvamile i-Markdown), enezinhlu ezincane zezinsizakalo noma izihloko ezithile, kanye nokuhlukile media amafolda ezithombe kanye includes ukuze kusetshenziswe izingcezu ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Ukwehluka kwe-Git kwenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi umbhalo nesakhiwo zishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Amafayela esifanekiso kanye nezinhloko zemethadatha ziqhuba i-SEO, ukuzulazula kanye nokubhalaAma-repos amaningi amadokhumenti afaka phakathi template.md ifayela eliqukethe amasimu e-metadata kanye nokufometha kwesibonelo. Uma umbhali ebuyekeza lawa masimu noma izigaba zokuqukethwe, i-Git iqopha izinguquko, futhi i-diff isiza ababuyekezi ukuthi baqinisekise ngokushesha ukuthi i-metadata kanye nombhalo womzimba kubuyekezwe kahle.

Izicelo zokudonsa zidlala indima efanayo yamadokhumenti njengekhodiAbabhali bakha amagatsha ezihlokweni ezintsha noma ezibuyekeziwe, bathumele ama-PR, futhi ababuyekezi bahlola umehluko ukuqinisekisa ukucaca, ukunemba kanye nokuvumelana kwesitayela ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa. Le ndlela iletha ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yezinga lesofthiwe kumadokhumenti nakwezinye izimpahla ezisekelwe embhalweni.

Ukuxhumeka okukude okufana origin futhi upstream kuvela kaningi kulezi zindlela zokusebenza. origin ngokuvamile ukhomba ifoloko lakho, kuyilapho upstream ikhomba endaweni yokugcina iphrojekthi eyinhloko. Ukuvumelanisa ne git fetch upstream kanye nokuqhathanisa amagatsha git diff kuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wakho uhlala uhambisana nokuqukethwe okusemthethweni kwakamuva.

Ukwazi kahle ukuthi i-Git imelela futhi iqhathanisa kanjani umehluko wekhodi kuvula amandla amaningi emsebenzini wakho wansuku zonke: ungabuyekeza izinguquko ngokuzethemba ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa, ugcine amagatsha ephilile, usebenzisane kahle kumapulatifomu afana ne-GitHub ne-GitLab, futhi uphathe ngisho namadokhumenti ngendlela efanayo nekhodi yakho yomthombo. Uma sekuhlukile, izingodo namagatsha kuzwakala kungokwemvelo, i-Git iyayeka ukuba ithuluzi eliyimfihlakalo futhi iba ngumlingani othembekile olandela zonke izinyathelo zokuvela kwephrojekthi yakho.