- Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kusekela ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kuzo zonke izimboni futhi kunikeza isidingo esikhulu, amaholo aqinile kanye nezindlela zomsebenzi eziguquguqukayo.
- Ukuthuthukiswa ngokwezifiso kanye nezindlela ezisheshayo nezilula zokusebenzisa ikhodi zivumela amabhizinisi ukuthi avumelanise isofthiwe nezinqubo ezihlukile futhi athole inzuzo yokuncintisana.
- Izindlela zesimanje kanye nezindima—kusukela ku-Agile kanye ne-DevOps kuya konjiniyela abangochwepheshe—bahlela umjikelezo wokuphila kusukela ekuhleleni kuya ekulungisweni.
- Impendulo eyakhayo kanye nokufunda okuqhubekayo kubalulekile kubathuthukisi abakhulayo, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yekhodi kanye nokusekela amaqembu asebenza kahle.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kusenhliziyweni yomnotho wedijithali wanamuhla , kunika amandla konke kusukela kumapulatifomu okubhanga aku-inthanethi kanye nokusakaza kuya kwezokuthuthwa kwempahla, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nokuhamba okuhlakaniphile. Uma wake wazibuza ukuthi ukwakha umsebenzi wokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kusanengqondo yini, ukuthi isofthiwe eklanyelwe yakhiwe kanjani ngempela, noma ukuthi impilo yansuku zonke ibukeka kanjani kubantu ababhala amakhodi ngemuva kwezigcawu, usesendaweni efanele impela.
Lo mhlahlandlela ojulile uhlanganisa imibono ehlukene ngokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe yesimanje : ukuthi kungani iqhubeka ikhula, ukuthi i-AI ishintsha kanjani (hhayi ukuthatha indawo) abathuthukisi, kusho ukuthini ngempela "ukuthuthukiswa ngokwezifiso", ukuthi unjiniyela wenzani ngempela nsuku zonke, yiziphi izindima ezikhona ngaphakathi kwamaqembu obuchwepheshe, nokuthi umjikelezo wokuphila wesofthiwe ogcwele usebenza kanjani kusukela embonweni kuya ekulungisweni. Endleleni, uzobona nokuthi impendulo, izindlela ze-agile kanye namathuluzi ekhodi ephansi ashintsha kanjani indlela isofthiwe eyakhiwe ngayo ezinkampanini zangempela.
Kungani ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kusabalulekile kangaka
Siphila ezweni elixhumene kakhulu lapho cishe yonke into yansuku zonke incike kusofthiwe : ukuhlola ifoni yakho uma uvuka, uku-oda ukudla ngohlelo lokusebenza, ukukhokha izikweletu ku-inthanethi, ukujoyina ikholi yevidiyo noma ukulandelela iphakheji. Ngemuva kwalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kukhona ithimba labathuthukisi abahumushe izidingo zebhizinisi nezinkinga zomsebenzisi zaba yimigqa yekhodi.
Ngokombono wemakethe, ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kuyaqhubeka nokukhula kunokuba kwehle . Izifundo zomhlaba wonke zibikezela ukuthi imakethe yokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kanye nezinsizakalo ezihlobene nayo izofinyelela amakhulu ezigidigidi zamaRandi, kuyilapho ingxenye yokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kuphela kulindeleke ukuthi idlule uphawu lwamaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-500. Lokho kukhula kuqhutshwa ukwenziwa kwedijithali emikhakheni efana nemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezezimali, ukuhweba nge-inthanethi, ukukhiqiza kanye nokuhambahamba.
Ezinkampanini, isofthiwe isishintshe ekubeni ithuluzi lokusekela yaba yinto ehlukanisa amasu . Amabhizinisi awasasebenzisi nje isofthiwe; ayakha noma ayenze ngokwezifiso ukuze enze izinqubo ngokuzenzakalela, anikeze imikhiqizo emisha yedijithali, enze ngokwezifiso okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi futhi asabele ngokushesha ekushintsheni. Uma ungumholi wemakethe, kuvamile ukuthola ukuthi akukho mkhiqizo otholakala kalula ofanelana ngokugcwele nezidingo zakho zokusebenza, lapho ukuthuthukiswa ngokwezifiso kuba yinto ebalulekile khona.
Kwabachwepheshe, lokhu kuholela ekuqashweni okuphezulu kanye namaholo aqinile . Abathuthukisi abasebasha ezimakethe ezisafufusa bangase bathole imali engenayo yanyanga zonke encintisanayo, kuyilapho onjiniyela abanolwazi ezimakethe ezivuthiwe bavame ukufinyelela amaholo onyaka ayisithupha noma ngaphezulu. Ukusebenza kude, ukusebenza ngokuzimela kanye nokubambisana kwamanye amazwe kwandisa amathuba amaningi.
Ngaphezu kwenzuzo yezezimali, ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kunikeza ukuguquguquka kanye nokuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo . Ungahamba ezizindeni ezifana newebhu, iselula, idatha, i-AI, ukuphepha kwe-cyber, ukuthuthukiswa kwamafu noma kwemidlalo, usebenze ezinkampanini ezintsha noma emabhizinisini amakhulu, noma uze wethule umkhiqizo wakho noma iseluleko uma usuthole ulwazi olwanele.
I-AI, ukuzenzekela kanye nekusasa lendima yonjiniyela
Kunomsindo omkhulu ngemisebenzi yokuhlela "ebulala" i-AI, kodwa iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu . Abasizi be-AI banamuhla njenge-GitHub Copilot noma i-ChatGPT bangaphakamisa izingcezu zekhodi, basize ekulungiseni amaphutha futhi babhale ngisho nezingxenye ezincane, kodwa basathembele kakhulu ekuqondisweni komuntu, ekubuyekezweni nasekucabangeni kwezinga lesistimu; abathuthukisi basebenzisa kakhulu abahleli abanjengo- VS Code abahlanganisa i-AI ukuze bathuthukise ukuhamba komsebenzi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe akukhona nje kuphela ngokubhala ikhodi efanele ngokwe-syntax ; kuhilela nokuqonda izinkinga zangempela zebhizinisi, ukuklama izakhiwo, ukulinganisa ukuhwebelana, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, kanye nokukhathalela ulwazi lomsebenzisi. Ubuciko, ukucabanga okubucayi, uzwela kubasebenzisi kanye nomuzwa womkhiqizo kusalokhu kuyikhono elijulile lomuntu amathuluzi e-AI angenakukwazi ukuliphinda ngokugcwele.
Abaholi bezimboni bavame ukukhomba ukuthi ukuhlela kuphakathi kwemisebenzi yokugcina ezenzakalelayo ngokuphelele , ngenxa yobunzima bayo kanye nekhono layo lokuzivumelanisa nezizinda ezintsha. Lokho i-AI ekwenzayo njengamanje ukwenza imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo ngokuzenzakalela, ukusheshisa umsebenzi ojwayelekile kanye nokukhulula abathuthukisi ukuba bagxile ezinqumweni ezinenani eliphakeme.
Empeleni, abathuthukisi abahle bafunda ukusebenzisana ne-AI kunokuncintisana nayo . Basebenzisa i-AI ukuhlola ezinye izindlela, bakhiqize ikhodi ye-boilerplate, izivivinyo zokubhala noma imibhalo, futhi baqinisekise imibono ngokushesha. Amaqembu asebenzisa la mathuluzi ngokuzibophezela avame ukukhiqiza kakhulu futhi angathumela izici ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi.
Ngokombono womsebenzi, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukufunda izimiso eziyinhloko zobunjiniyela besofthiwe kuseyindlela yokutshala imali ehlakaniphile —kodwa kufanele futhi uzizwe ukhululekile ukusebenzisa amathuluzi esimanje, ukuqonda idatha nokusebenza ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zemvelo ezihlanganisa kakhulu uhlelo lwendabuko nosizo oluqhutshwa yi-AI.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe ngokwezifiso: ukuthi kuyini nokuthi kunengqondo nini
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe ngokwezifiso kubhekisela ekwakheni izixazululo zedijithali ezenzelwe izidingo ezihlukile zenkampani ethile , esikhundleni sokuthenga umkhiqizo ojwayelekile nokulungisa izinqubo zangaphakathi ezizungezile. Cabanga ngakho njengokwenza isudi yokulinganisa kunokuthenga eyodwa eshalofini.
Ukuze banikeze uhlelo olukhethekile, abahlinzeki bavame ukuhlanganisa ithimba elihlanganisa imikhakha eminingi labathuthukisi, abahlaziyi, abakhi bezakhiwo kanye nochwepheshe be-UX abangacwaninga ngokujulile inhlangano, baqonde imisebenzi ebalulekile bese beklama amathuluzi aqinisa leyo misebenzi esikhundleni sokuphoqa izindlela ezingacacile zokuxazulula izinkinga.
Izinkampani zivame ukuzizwa zidinga ukuthuthukiswa ngokwezifiso njengoba zikhula noma zibhekene nokuncintisana okunzima . Kuleso sigaba, ukuhlukanisa ngezinqubo ezihlukile, ulwazi olungcono lwamakhasimende noma ukusebenza okusheshayo kuba yinto ebalulekile, futhi isofthiwe ejwayelekile ivame ukwehluleka. Abaholi bemakethe, ikakhulukazi, bavame ukuthola ukuthi akukho mkhiqizo opakishiwe ohlanganisa okungaphezu kwengxenye yezidingo zabo zangempela.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesimanje ngokwezifiso kuhlobene kakhulu nezindlela ezisheshayo kanye namapulatifomu ekhodi ephansi . Esikhundleni samaphrojekthi amade, aqinile, amaqembu aqala ngokushesha, ahilela abathintekayo bebhizinisi njalo, futhi asebenzise izindawo zekhodi ephansi ukuletha izici ngesikhathi esirekhodiwe ngenkathi esagcina inkululeko eyanele yokuvumelanisa ikhambi phakathi nesikhathi salo sokuphila.
Ukukhetha umhlinzeki womsebenzi owenziwe ngokwezifiso akubalulekile kakhulu kumagama adumile kwezobuchwepheshe kodwa kumayelana nendlela yokusebenza . Amaqembu ahlanganisa imikhuba ye-agile eqinisekisiwe (i-Scrum, i-XP, i-Kanban) namamodeli awo acwengekile, amakhono okuphatha ushintsho oluqinile kanye nekhono lokuhlanganisa nengqalasizinda ekhona avame ukufeza imiphumela engcono kunalawo athembisa nje ukuthi “sizobhala noma yini oyicelayo”.
Izici eziyinhloko, izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwesofthiwe eklanyelwe wena
Intuthuko eyenziwe ngendlela efanele ikhombisa izici eziningana eziphindaphindayo . Okokuqala, ukuhluka: konke okusesixazululweni kucatshangwa ngebhizinisi elilodwa engqondweni, kuhloswe ukubonakalisa isu lalo, izinqubo kanye nemingcele esikhundleni sokulingisa amathempulethi emboni ejwayelekile.
Okwesibili, umbono weklayenti ubumba umkhiqizo ngenkuthalo kulo lonke iphrojekthi . Ababambiqhaza abagcini nje ngokubonisana nabo kusengaphambili kodwa futhi bahilelekile emijikelezweni yokubuyekeza njalo, ama-demo kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula, ukuze ukuqonda kwabo kuqondise izinto eziza kuqala kanye nokulungiswa kwasekuqaleni.
Okwesithathu, ukwakheka okubonakalayo kanye ne-UX kwenzelwe izilaleli eziqondiwe . Ama-interface aklanywe ngokuzungeza amakhono kanye nokulindelwe ngabantu abazosebenzisa uhlelo ngempela—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangamaqembu angaphakathi, abalingani noma amakhasimende okugcina—kunokuba kube ukwakheka okufanayo, futhi izinto ezicatshangelwayo ezifana nokuthintana kumadivayisi eselula zivame ukuba yinto ebalulekile ekwakhiweni.
Okwesine, isofthiwe eyenziwe ngokwezifiso isiza uhlobo lomkhiqizo ukuthi luzihlukanise . Ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo luhlukile, lungabhala ukugeleza kwesevisi okuhlukile, izilinganiso, amadeshibhodi noma okuzenzakalelayo abancintisana nabo abangenazo, okuguqule ubuchwepheshe bube yinzuzo yokuncintisana kunokuba kube yimpahla.
Okwesihlanu, ikhambi lizivumelanisa nezidingo ezicashile noma ezifihliwe . Ukuhlaziywa okuhle kanye nokutholwa okuphindaphindiwe kuvumela ithimba lokuthuthukisa ukuthi libambe izidingo ezingase zingacaci ekuqaleni—njengokuthobela imithetho, amacala okuhlanganisa noma amaphethini okuziphatha—futhi lizihlanganise nomkhiqizo njengoba zivela.
Okwesithupha, ukugcinwa kanye nokuguquka okubushelelezi kubalulekile . Uma i-codebase ilandela amazinga aqinile, amadokhumenti kanye nezimiso zokwakha, kuba lula kakhulu ukuvuselela, ukwandisa noma ukushintsha uhlelo njengoba ibhizinisi lithuthuka, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqala kabusha kusukela ekuqaleni.
Okokugcina, ukuphathwa koshintsho okuphumelelayo kuyisici esibalulekile samaphrojekthi enziwe ngokwezifiso aphumelelayo . Ngenxa yokuthi abantu bayizidalwa zomkhuba, kudingeka uhlelo lokuqalisa olucatshangelwe kahle: izikhathi zokuqeqesha, izinguquko ezincane kancane kancane, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokulingisa amafomu ephepha akhona noma ukwakheka kwe-UI endala ekuqaleni ukuze abasebenzisi bazizwe bekhululekile ukwamukela amathuluzi amasha.
Izinzuzo zezixazululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zibonisa lezi zici . Izinhlangano zijabulela ukuhambisana okuqinile phakathi kwesofthiwe nezinqubo, ama-curve okufunda amafushane kubasebenzi, ulwazi olungcono lomsebenzisi, ukwesekwa okuseduze kwabathengisi, ukulawula okuthuthukisiwe kwedatha ebalulekile, ukuhlanganiswa okulula nezinhlelo ezikhona kanye nokushesha okukhulu kokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa lapho kuvela izidingo ezintsha.
Inkinga enkulu izindleko kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo . Intuthuko eklanyelwe ivame ukubiza kakhulu kunokuthenga umkhiqizo owakhiwe kakade—ngaphandle kokuthi lowo mkhiqizo uzophoqa inkampani ukuba iguqe kakhulu ukuze ivumelane nemingcele yayo. Amaphrojekthi enziwe ngokwezifiso nawo adinga ukubambisana okusebenzayo kusuka kumakhasimende, okumele atshale isikhathi ezidingweni, impendulo kanye nokwenza izinqumo ukuze athole inani langempela ekubandakanyekeni.
Kuyini ngempela ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe?
Emongweni wayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kuyisethi yezinqubo ezihilelekile ekudaleni izinhlelo zesofthiwe . Lokho kuhlanganisa umjikelezo wokuphila ogcwele: ukuhlaziya izidingo, ukuklama izixazululo, ukubhala nokuhlola ikhodi, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza nokuzigcina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isofthiwe ngokwayo empeleni iyiqoqo lemiyalelo etshela ikhompyutha ukuthi yenzeni . Ayincikile kwihadiwe futhi yenza amadivayisi ahleleke, iguqula ama-elekthronikhi ajwayelekile abe amathuluzi okuxhumana, ukuzijabulisa, ukukhiqiza noma ukwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela.
Singahlukanisa izigaba ezintathu ezibanzi zesofthiwe ngokombono wokuthuthukiswa . Isofthiwe yesistimu (noma isofthiwe yokusebenza) inika amandla amadivayisi ezingeni eliphansi—izinhlelo zokusebenza, abashayeli kanye nezinsiza—futhi ivame ukuhilela ikhodi eyinkimbinkimbi, ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni.
Isofthiwe yokuhlela iqukethe amathuluzi abathuthukisi abawasebenzisayo ukwakha nokucwengisisa amanye amasofthiwe , njengabahleli bamakhodi, abalungisi bezinkinga, abahlanganisi, abahumushi, kanye nezindawo zokuthuthukiswa ezihlanganisiwe (ama-IDE). Lawa mathuluzi enza umsebenzi ube lula futhi adalule amaphutha kusenesikhathi.
Isofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza yilokho abantu abaningi abasebenzisana nakho nsuku zonke : izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu, izinhlelo zedeskithophu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakiwe ezimotweni noma kumishini. Abathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza bagxila ekusebenziseni izici, i-logic yebhizinisi kanye nezixhumi zomsebenzisi ezixazulula izinkinga zomsebenzisi eziqondile.
Izindlela ezibalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila kokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe
Kuvele izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlela ukuthi amaqembu ahlela kanjani, akhe futhi alethe kanjani isofthiwe . Nakuba zihlukahluka ngemininingwane, zonke zihlose ukusiza izinhlangano ukuthi zithumele izinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngokushesha nangezindleko ezifanele.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-agile kwakhiwe ngemijikelezo emifushane nephindaphindayo . Amaqembu akhipha izandiso ezincane njalo, aqoqa impendulo esinyathelweni ngasinye futhi aphathe izinkinga ezitholakele njengamathuba okufunda. Ababambiqhaza bahlala behilelekile ngokubuyekezwa okuqhubekayo, beqondisa umkhiqizo njengoba ukhula esikhundleni sokuqala noma ekugcineni kuphela.
Imodeli yakudala ye-Waterfall ilandela indlela elandelanayo ngokuqinile : uqeda isigaba esisodwa (izidingo, ukwakheka, ukusetshenziswa, ukuhlolwa, ukuthunyelwa) ngaphambi kokudlulela kwesinye, ngaphandle kokubuyela emuva noma okuncane. Inikeza isakhiwo kanye namadokhumenti acacile kodwa ingaba lukhuni; ukubambezeleka noma izinguquko ezigabeni zokuqala kungaphazamisa uhlelo lonke.
Imodeli ye-Spiral igcizelela ukuphindaphinda okuqhutshwa yingozi . Amaphrojekthi aqhubeka ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuhlela, ukuhlaziya ingozi, ubunjiniyela kanye nokuhlola. Lokhu kufaneleka izinhlelo ezinkulu neziyinkimbinkimbi lapho ama-prototype okuqala kanye nokuqinisekiswa okuphindaphindiwe kubalulekile, futhi lapho impendulo yomsebenzisi kumele ifakwe kancane kancane.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuphindaphindiwe kuncike ekuphindaphindweni nasekuthuthukisweni kancane kancane komkhiqizo . Esikhundleni sokulinda ukwazi zonke izidingo kusengaphambili, amaqembu asebenzisa i-subset, ahlole futhi ahlole imiphumela, bese engeza ezinye izidingo eziphindaphindweni ezilandelanayo. Iphasi ngalinye liveza inguqulo ephelele kakhulu ngokusekelwe ekufundeni kwesilingo namaphutha.
I-DevOps yandisa izimiso ze-Agile ukuze ihlanganise ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza . Amaqembu okuthuthukisa kanye ne-ops abambisana eduze ukuze enze ngokuzenzakalelayo ukwakhiwa, ukuhlolwa, ukuthunyelwa kanye nokuqapha futhi ngokuvamile athembele kubuchwepheshe bokufaka iziqukathi . Ukukhishwa kuncane kodwa kuvame kakhulu, kugcizelelwa kakhulu impendulo eqhubekayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo kanye nokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kwezinyathelo ezenziwa ngesandla.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe ye-Lean kugxile ekususeni imfucuza kanye nokwandisa inani . Amaqembu abeka phambili umsebenzi obaluleke ngempela manje, agweme ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa, aqede imihlangano engadingekile kanye namadokhumenti, futhi afune ukufunda okuqhubekayo. Izimiso ze-Core Lean zifaka phakathi ukususa imfucuza, ukukhulisa ukufunda, ukunquma sekwephuzile ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuletha ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ukunika amandla amaqembu, ukwakha ubuqotho ohlelweni kanye nokugcina umbono ophelele.
Izigaba eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko zephrojekthi yesofthiwe
Nakuba izindlela zihlukile, singachaza izigaba eziyisikhombisa ezifanayo emjikelezweni wokuphila kwesofthiwe ojwayelekile ezivela, ngandlela-thile, kumaphrojekthi amaningi.
1) Ukuhlela yilapho kubekwa khona izisekelo zephrojekthi . Lapha, amaqembu achaza inkinga exazululwayo, ububanzi bezinhlelo ezikhona kanye nokuthi uhlelo olusha kulindeleke ukuthi lufeze ini. Kuhlolwa ukuthi kungenzeka yini, kuxoxwe ngezinsizakusebenza kanye nesabelomali, bese kubhalwa umhlahlandlela wokuqala noma umugqa wesikhathi.
2) Ukuhlaziya kuhilela ukuqoqa izidingo ezinemininingwane . Abathuthukisi, abahlaziyi kanye nababambiqhaza bayabambisana ukuze bathole izidingo ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi, bachaze izimo zokusetshenziswa futhi badwebe imibono yokuqala yama-prototypes. Yilapho okulindelwe ngabasebenzisi, imikhawulo kanye nezindlela zokuphumelela kubhalwa khona.
3) Ukuklama kanye nokwenza amaphrothotayipu kuhumusha izidingo zibe uhlelo oluqondile . Ochwepheshe baklama ukwakheka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, amamodeli edatha, izixhumi zomsebenzisi, ukusebenzisana kwesistimu nenethiwekhi, kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina idatha . Ngokuvamile, idokhumenti ye-Software Requirements Specification (SRS) iguqulwa ibe izakhiwo ezinengqondo, imidwebo kanye namaphrothotayipu angasetshenziswa kamuva kukhodi.
4) Ukuthuthukiswa yilapho ikhodi ibhalwa khona ngempela . Besebenzisa izilimi ezifana neJavaScript, iPython, i-C++, i-PHP noma ezinye, abathuthukisi basebenzisa umklamo, beqondiswa amazinga okubhala ikhodi weqembu; izinketho zivame ukuncika ekungafani phakathi kweJavaScript neJava . Bathembele kubahlanganisi, abalungisi bezinkinga, abahumushi kanye namathuluzi okwakha, futhi bangahlanganisa amathuluzi okuhlola ukuphepha kwesicelo esingaguquki (i-SAST) ukuze babambe ubuthakathaka kusenesikhathi.
5) Ukuhlola kuyisigaba esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukunemba kanye nekhwalithi . Amaqembu enza izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlola—iyunithi, ukuhlanganiswa, uhlelo, ukusebenziseka, ukusebenza—ukuthola amaphutha nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isofthiwe ihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile kanye nezilinganiso zekhwalithi yangaphakathi. Kuye ngobunzima besistimu kanye nokuvuthwa kwethimba, lesi sigaba singaba sifushane noma sibe sikhulu kakhulu.
6) Ukuhlanganiswa nokufakwa kwesofthiwe kuletha isofthiwe endaweni yayo eqondiwe . Amamojula ahlukene ahlanganiswa abe yi-codebase eyinhloko, izinkinga zokuhlanganiswa ziyaxazululwa, bese uhlelo lufakwa noma lukhishwe kubasebenzisi, ngokuvamile esikhungweni sedatha noma endaweni yamafu. Emipayipini yesimanje, lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngezinqubo ze-CI/CD ezenzakalelayo ezivumela ukufakwa okuvamile, okunengozi ephansi.
7) Ukusebenza nokugcinwa kumelela ingxenye ende kakhulu yokuphila kwesistimu . Ngemva kokuqaliswa, abathuthukisi namaqembu okusekela baqapha ukusebenza, baphatha imibiko yeziphazamiso ezivela kubasebenzisi, bakhipha izibuyekezo, balungisa izinkinga zokuphepha futhi basebenzise ukuthuthukiswa okuqhutshwa yizidingo ezintsha noma izinguquko zemakethe.
Unjiniyela wesofthiwe vs. unjiniyela wesofthiwe: bahluke kanjani?
Amagama athi “unjiniyela wesofthiwe” kanye “nonjiniyela wesofthiwe” avame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana, kodwa aqokomisa izindawo ezihlukene kancane . Zombili izindima zinegalelo ekwakheni isofthiwe, kodwa ukugxila kwazo kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ngokuvamile kuyahlukahluka.
Ubunjiniyela besofthiwe ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zobunjiniyela kwisofthiwe . Onjiniyela besofthiwe babheka lonke uhlelo: ukwakheka, ukusabalala, ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza, ukuthembeka, kanye nokunamathela emikhubeni emihle yobunjiniyela. Bangase bahileleke ezifundweni zokusebenziseka, ukuklama kwezinga eliphezulu, ukuhlela amaphrojekthi kanye nokuvumelanisa izixazululo zobuchwepheshe nemigomo yebhizinisi.
Amakhono abalulekile onjiniyela besofthiwe afaka phakathi ukuqonda okujulile kwezimiso zokwakha kanye nokuklama , ikhono lokuklama izinhlelo eziqinile nezisebenzayo, ukwazi kahle izindlela zobunjiniyela besofthiwe, amakhono aqinile okuxazulula izinkinga zezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, ubuholi bephrojekthi, kanye nolwazi oluqinile lwezisekelo zesayensi yekhompyutha njenge-algorithms, izakhiwo zedatha kanye nobunzima bokubala.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kungabonakala njengesethi egxile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni . Abathuthukisi bahumusha imininingwane kanye nezidingo zibe ikhodi yokusebenza, izingxenye zokuklama noma izici, izinkinga zokulungisa amaphutha kanye nokubhala izivivinyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenza njengoba kulindelekile.
Amakhono ayinhloko abathuthukisi agxile ekubhaleni ikhodi kanye nokulethwa : ikhono ezilimini nezinhlaka zokuhlela, ukujwayelana namathuluzi okuthuthukisa kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula izinguqulo, amakhono okulungisa amaphutha, ukuqonda umjikelezo wokuphila wentuthuko kusukela ekuklanyweni kuya ekusetshenzisweni, kanye nokusebenzisana okuphumelelayo nabaklami, abahloli kanye nabanye onjiniyela.
Ngokwezinto ezingokoqobo, ochwepheshe abaningi benza imisebenzi kuzo zombili izindima kuye ngobukhulu benkampani . Ezinhlanganweni ezincane, umuntu oyedwa angase aphathe ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ukubhala amakhodi, ukuthunyelwa kanye neminye imisebenzi, kuyilapho ezinkampanini ezinkulu ukuhlukaniswa phakathi "konjiniyela" kanye "nomthuthukisi" kuvame ukuchazwa kakhulu.
Impilo yansuku zonke, amathuluzi kanye nokubambisana emaqenjini okuthuthukisa
Usuku olujwayelekile lomthuthukisi wesofthiwe luhlanganisa umsebenzi wokugxila okujulile nokubambisana . Ekuseni kuvame ukuqala ngokuhlola ama-imeyili, amabhodi ephrojekthi kanye namadeshibhodi okuqapha amaphutha. Uma kungekho zigameko eziphuthumayo ezivelayo, abathuthukisi babuyekeza uhlu lwabo lwemisebenzi—ngokuvamile oluhlelwe ngama-sprint noma ama-reterations—bese bekhetha okubalulekile okulandelayo okufanele babhekane nakho.
Ingxenye enkulu yosuku ichithwa kubhalwa ikhodi, kulungiswa amaphutha futhi kubukezwa ikhodi . Abathuthukisi basebenzisa izici ezintsha, bathuthukise ama-algorithms, balungise amaphutha futhi babhale izivivinyo ezenzakalelayo. Endleleni, basebenzisana nontanga ukuxoxa ngamasu okusebenzisa noma ukuvula izinselele zobuchwepheshe.
Imihlangano emifushane yansuku zonke yokuma ivamile emaqenjini e-Agile , inika wonke umuntu ithuba lokwabelana ngenqubekela phambili, ukugqamisa izithiyo kanye nokuhlanganisa imizamo. Usuku lonke, abathuthukisi bangase babe khona emihlanganweni yokuhlela, ukulungiswa kwemisebenzi engemuva, izingxoxo zokuklama noma imihlangano yokubonisana nababambiqhaza.
Ukufunda okuqhubekayo kuhlanganiswe nomkhuba . Abathuthukisi abaningi bathatha ikhefu elifushane ukuze bafunde izihloko zobuchwepheshe, bazame imitapo yolwazi noma izilimi ezintsha, noma banikele kumaphrojekthi abo siqu. Abanye bahlanganyela emiphakathini nasezinkundleni eziku-inthanethi ukuze babuze imibuzo, babelane ngemininingwane noma babukeze iminikelo yomthombo ovulekile.
Njengoba izinsuku zokugcina zisondela, amashejuli angase abe nzima kakhulu . Eminye imisebenzi idlulela kusihlwa noma ngezimpelasonto—ikakhulukazi lapho ukukhishwa okukhulu noma ukulungiswa kwamaphutha abucayi kusengozini—yize amaqembu aphilile elwela ukugwema ukulwa ngomlilo njalo ngokuhlela ngendlela engokoqobo nangokuzenzakalela ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ngasohlangothini lwamathuluzi, abathuthukisi bathembele ohlelweni olucebile lwe-ecosystem . Amapulatifomu okuphathwa komsebenzi kanye nokubambisana asiza ukulandelela imisebenzi, ukuhlela ukusilela emuva kanye nokuxhumana kuyo yonke imisebenzi. Izibonelo zifaka amathuluzi ahlanganisa ukulandelela imisebenzi, amadokhumenti, ingxoxo kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela endaweni yokusebenza ehlangene, okuvumela abaphathi bomkhiqizo, abathuthukisi, i-QA kanye nababambiqhaza ukuthi babelane ngomthombo owodwa weqiniso.
Amapulatifomu okulawula izinguqulo afana ne-GitHub ayisisekelo . Abamba izindawo zokugcina, anika amandla amasu okuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa, asekela izicelo zokudonsa kanye nokubuyekezwa kwekhodi, futhi ahlanganiswe nemisebenzi yokusebenza ye-CI/CD. Izici ezifana nokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo, ukulandelela izinkinga kanye neziphakamiso zekhodi ezisebenzisa i-AI zenza umsebenzi wansuku zonke ube lula futhi kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana.
Amathuluzi okulandelela amaphrojekthi akhethekile, njengalawo aklanyelwe amabhodi e-Agile kanye nokuphathwa kwezinkinga, nawo adlala indima ebalulekile . Avumela amaqembu ukuthi aphathe izindaba zabasebenzisi, ama-epic, amaphutha kanye nemisebenzi ngokusebenzisa ama-backlog namabhodi, enze ngezifiso imisebenzi, futhi athole ukubonakala kwenqubekela phambili, izithiyo kanye nezinyathelo ezizayo.
Izindima ngaphakathi kwamaqembu esofthiwe kanye namandla empendulo
Izinhlangano zesofthiwe zanamuhla ziqoqa izindima eziningi ezikhethekile ngaphansi kwesambulela esibanzi "sokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe" . Indima ngayinye inemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, okulindelwe kanye nezindlela zokuphendula, ngakho-ke izingxoxo zokusebenza zidinga ukuhlelwa kunokuthi zijwayelekile.
Onjiniyela besofthiwe abaphezulu bavame ukuhlolwa ngekhwalithi yekhodi kanye nezakhiwo, ukwelulekwa kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga okuyinkimbinkimbi . Impendulo ephumelelayo ingase ibone izakhiwo eziklanywe kahle ezithuthukisa ukuguquguquka nokuzinza, noma igcizelele ukuthi idokhumenti ephezulu iveza kanjani futhi idlulise izinqumo ngokucacile. Impendulo eyakhayo ingakhuthaza ukulinganisela ukujula kobuchwepheshe nokusebenza kahle noma ukukhuthaza izingxoxo ezibandakanya kakhulu ukuze amazwi aphansi ezwakale.
Onjiniyela be-DevOps bagxila ezenzakalelayo, ingqalasizinda kanye nokuthembeka kwesistimu . Impendulo enhle ingavuma amapayipi e-CI/CD aphumelelayo anciphisa amaphutha enziwe ngesandla noma ukuqapha okusebenzayo okuvimbela ukungasebenzi. Izindawo zokuthuthukiswa zingase zihilele ukwenza izikripthi zokuthunyelwa ziphinde zisetshenziswe noma ukubandakanya wonke amaqembu athintekile ekuqaleni kwezinguquko zengqalasizinda.
Onjiniyela bedatha baphatha amapayipi edatha, ukusebenza kwe-ETL kanye nekhwalithi yedatha . Banconywa ngamapayipi aqinile athuthukisa ubusha bedatha kanye nekhwalithi, noma ngokunamathela ngokucophelela ezindinganisweni zobumfihlo kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho. Ukufaka okwakhayo kungakhomba ekunciphiseni ubunzima bokugcinwa noma ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana kwasekuqaleni mayelana namamodeli edatha kusetshenziswa izinto ezibonakalayo eziningi.
Onjiniyela be-QA kanye nabahloli bahlolwa ngokumbozwa, ukuhlaziywa kwamaphutha kanye nokuhlolwa okugxile kumsebenzisi . Iminikelo enamandla ifaka phakathi amasudi okuhlola aphelele anciphisa amaphutha okukhiqiza kanye nokuphikelela ezicini zokubukwa kusuka emibonweni eminingi yabasebenzisi. Impendulo ingase iphakamise ukucija ukubekwa phambili kokuhlolwa ngokuphathelene nokugeleza okubalulekile noma ukuthuthukisa ukufika ngesikhathi kwemibiko yamaphutha ukuze kusheshiswe ukulungiswa.
Abathuthukisi abasebasha bavame ukuthola impendulo ngekhono lokufunda, ikhwalithi yekhodi kanye nokubambisana . Amanothi amahle angagcizelela ukuthi baqonda ngokushesha kangakanani i-tech stack noma ukuthi bafuna futhi basebenzise kangakanani impendulo ekubuyekezweni kwekhodi. Izindawo zokukhula zivame ukuhilela ukuthuthukisa ukufundeka kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhodi, noma ukukhululeka kakhudlwana ngokucela usizo ekuqaleni kwemisebenzi enzima.
Amasiko okuphendula aphumelelayo athembele ekubuzeni imibuzo emihle, hhayi nje ekunikezeni izinqumo eziqondile . Abaphathi bangasebenzisa izingxoxo zomuntu nomuntu kanye nokuhlola okulula ukwenza izinto ezithambile zilinganiswe—ukuzibandakanya, ukucaca, ukuzimela—nokudala izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa nomuntu ngamunye. Amathuluzi anikezelwe ama-1:1 ahlelekile kanye namathempulethi okuphendula angasekela le nqubo futhi enze intuthuko yabantu ihleleke kakhudlwana.
Esithombeni esikhulu, impendulo ayibalulekile ekuhluleleni ukusebenza kodwa imayelana nokuvula amathuba . Uma yenziwe kahle, iphakamisa ukusebenza kweqembu, ikhulisa amakhono obuchwepheshe nawokuxhumana nabantu, futhi ekugcineni iholela ekhwalithini yomkhiqizo ephezulu kanye nokubambisana okunempilo kuzo zonke izindima ezihilelekile ekulethweni kwesofthiwe.
Umbono womsebenzi, izindlela zemfundo kanye nokuqala
Ngokombono wemakethe yezabasebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kusalokhu kungomunye wemisebenzi ethembisa kakhulu . Izibalo ezisemthethweni kanye nemibiko yemboni zihlala zibikezela amazinga okukhula angaphezu kwesilinganiso kubathuthukisi, abahlaziyi be-QA kanye nezindima ezihlobene, okuqhutshwa yisidingo esiqhubekayo sezinhlelo ezintsha zedijithali kanye nokuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo kwezinhlelo zesikhathi esidlule.
Amazinga omholo abonisa leso sidingo . Inkokhelo yonyaka emaphakathi yabathuthukisi ezimakethe ezivuthiwe iphezulu, kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kochwepheshe ezindaweni ezifana nefu, idatha, i-AI, ukuphepha noma i-DevOps. Indawo, ulwazi, ubuchwepheshe be-tech stack kanye nobuchwepheshe besizinda konke kuthinta isinxephezelo, kodwa amakhono esofthiwe ngokuvamile ahumusha kahle kuyo yonke imikhakha namazwe.
Awudingi indlela eyodwa "ephelele" yemfundo ukuze ungene kulo mkhakha . Iziqu zendabuko kwisayensi yamakhompyutha noma ubunjiniyela besofthiwe zinikeza izisekelo eziqinile kwethiyori kanye nokucabanga kwesikhathi eside. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-bootcamp ajulile, amanyuvesi aku-inthanethi kanye nokufunda okuziqondisayo kusetshenziswa amapulatifomu afana nezifundo zokubhala amakhodi zamahhala, ama-MOOC noma iziteshi zokufundisa zenza lo mkhakha ufinyeleleke kalula kunanini ngaphambili.
Indlela ehlakaniphile kakhulu ivame ukuhlanganisa imfundo ehlelekile nokuzifundela kanye namaphrojekthi angempela . Isibonelo, uhlelo olusemthethweni lungakunikeza izimiso ezijwayelekile—izakhiwo zedatha, ama-algorithms, izakhiwo—kanti amaphrojekthi omuntu siqu noma azimele akusiza ukwakha iphothifoliyo futhi ufunde ukuthi imikhawulo yomhlaba wangempela izwakala kanjani, njengokuzama ukwakha iwebhusayithi kusukela ekuqaleni.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela, ulwazi olusebenzayo luyisihluthulelo . Ukusebenza okungenani kubuchwepheshe obubodwa obungaphambili kanye nobubodwa obungemuva, ukufaka isandla kuphrojekthi yomthombo ovulekile, noma ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza oluncane lomsebenzisi wangempela kuzokufundisa okungaphezu kakhulu kwethiyori kuphela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ungaba ngochwepheshe emikhakheni efana newebhu, iselula, ifu, ukuthuthukiswa kwemidlalo, i-AI, ukufunda komshini noma ukuphepha kwe-cyber.
Ezinkampanini ezicabangela imephu yazo yedijithali, ukubambisana nabahlinzeki bokuthuthukiswa ngokwezifiso abanolwazi kungaba yinto eshintsha kakhulu . Izinhlangano ezihlanganisa izindlela ze-agile, amapulatifomu ekhodi ephansi kanye nokuqonda okujulile kwenqubo zingaletha izixazululo ezenzelwe wena, ezihlanganisiwe ngokushesha kunezindlela zendabuko, zisize amabhizinisi ukuthi ahambisane nesimo esiguquguqukayo nesincintisanayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kusalokhu kuyindlela enamandla yokusungula izinto ezintsha, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokwehlukanisa : kusukela ekukhetheni okunesu phakathi kwezixazululo ezingaphandle kweshelufu kanye nezenziwe ngokwezifiso, ngokusebenzisa izindlela kanye nezindima ezibumba amaphrojekthi, kuya ohlangothini lomuntu lwempendulo, ukufunda kanye nokukhula komsebenzi, lo mkhakha uyaqhubeka nokukhula—kodwa ukubaluleka kwawo kanye nomthelela wawo empilweni yanamuhla kuya ngokuya kuqina.
