- Ukumodela idatha kuchaza izinhlangano zebhizinisi, izimfanelo kanye nobudlelwano, okuguqula izidingo zibe imiklamo ehlelekile neyabelwana ngayo.
- Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamamodeli (ezihambisanayo, inethiwekhi, i-ER, eziphathelene, into, ezinobukhulu, eziyisicaba, ezihlelekile kancane, ezihambisanayo) zibhekana nezimo zokusetshenziswa ezihlukile.
- Amamodeli anobukhulu obufanayo anezikimu zezinkanyezi nezeqhwa anika amandla i-BI kanye nezindawo zokugcina idatha ngokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zokuhlaziya okusheshayo.
- Amamodeli edatha anengqondo asebenza njengemibhalo ephilayo ehlanganisa abathintekayo, enciphisa ukusebenza kabusha futhi eqondisa ukwakheka kwedatha yesikhathi eside.
Ukumodela idatha kungenye yezindlela ezinquma buthule ukuthi amaphrojekthi akho edatha ayaqhuma noma ayawaNgemuva kwedeshibhodi ngayinye yokuhlaziya, uhlelo lokuthengiselana, noma isixazululo se-BI, kukhona imodeli yedatha echaza ukuthi iyiphi idatha ekhona, ukuthi ixhumana kanjani, futhi ingasetshenziswa kanjani ngosuku olulodwa. Uma leyo modeli icacile futhi iklanywe kahle, intuthuko iba lula, imibiko ithembekile, futhi wonke umuntu ukhuluma ulimi olufanayo ngebhizinisi.
Empeleni, imodeli yedatha iyindlela esemthethweni nebonakalayo yokuchaza ulwazi lwebhizinisi: yiziphi izinhlangano ezikhona (amakhasimende, imikhiqizo, izindawo zokugcina impahla, ama-invoyisi...), yiziphi izici ezizichazayo (igama, ikheli, umthamo, intengo...), nokuthi zihlobene kanjani. Amasu ahlukene okumodela kanye nezinhlobo zamamodeli athuthukile eminyakeni edlule, eqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe obusha bedatha, izidingo zokubusa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuhlaziya zesimanje njenge-Business Intelligence (BI) kanye ne-data warehousing.
Iyini imodeli yedatha?
Imodeli yedatha iyisithombe esingaqondakali sendlela ulwazi oluhlelwe ngayo ngaphakathi kohlelo. Ichaza izakhi zedatha, imithetho ezilawulayo kanye nobudlelwano obuzihlanganisa ndawonye, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba noma yini isetshenziswe kudathabheyisi noma kuhlelo lokusebenza. Cabanga ngakho njengohlelo lokwakha olulandelwa unjiniyela ngaphambi kokuthulula ukhonkolo.
Ngokwendlela engokoqobo, imodeli yedatha ikhombisa ukuthi idatha igcinwa kanjani, ixhunywe kanjani, ifinyelelwa kanjani futhi ibuyekezwa kanjani ngaphakathi kohlelo lokuphathwa kwedatha. Isebenzisa izimpawu, amabhokisi, imigqa kanye nombhalo, inikeza abathintekayo bebhizinisi, abahlaziyi, abaklami bezakhiwo kanye nabathuthukisi isithombe esabiwe solwazi inhlangano ekhathalelayo, ukuze wonke umuntu akwazi ukucabanga ngalo futhi abone izinkinga kusenesikhathi.
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zemodeli yedatha ukucacisa izinhlobo zedatha esetshenziswayo negcinwe ohlelweni., ukuthi lezo zinhlobo zihlangana kanjani ndawonye, ukuthi zingahlelwa kanjani ngezakhiwo, nokuthi yiziphi izakhiwo kanye nezimfanelo ezinazo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuchaza okhiye, imingcele, izinto ezibalulekile kanye nemigomo yokuqamba amagama ezoqhuba ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kamuva.
Amamodeli edatha awadalwanga endaweni engenamuntu; aqhutshwa yizidingo zebhizinisiNgaphambi kokuba kuqale ukumodela, imithetho nezidingo ziqoqwa kubabambiqhaza bebhizinisi kanye nabasebenzisi bokugcina. Leyo mithetho ibe isihunyushwa ibe yizakhiwo zedatha ezibumba ukwakheka kohlelo olusha noma ukuvela kolukhona. Ngaleyo ndlela, imodeli yedatha ifana kakhulu nemephu yomgwaqo: ayisebenzi lutho, kodwa ikutshela ukuthi ungasuka kanjani ku-A uye ku-B.
Ukumodela idatha okuhle kuncike kuma-schema ajwayelekile kanye namasu asemthethweniLokhu kumiswa kwemigomo kunikeza indlela eqhubekayo nebikezelekayo yokuchaza nokuphatha izinsizakusebenza zedatha kuwo wonke amaqembu, iminyango, ngisho nabalingani bangaphandle. Okungcono kakhulu, amamodeli aba amadokhumenti aphilayo aguqukayo njengoba inhlangano ishintsha, esekela ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo futhi eqondisa izinqumo zokwakhiwa kwe-IT.
Kuyini ukumodela idatha?
Ukumodela idatha inqubo yokumaka nokubona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi idatha ihlala kuphi nokuthi igeleza kanjani ohlelweniUthola zonke izindawo lapho uhlelo lokusebenza, ukuhlanganiswa, noma ipulatifomu ye-BI izogcina khona ulwazi, bese uklama ukuthi lawo masethi edatha axhumana kanjani futhi asebenzisana kanjani.
Ngaphakathi kwanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi ye-IT, ukumodela idatha kuyisigaba esibalulekile sokuklamaNgenkathi ikhambi lisesebhodini lokudweba, ithimba linquma ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga zebhizinisi okumele zixazululwe, ukuthi iyiphi idatha edingekayo ukubhekana nalezo zinkinga, nokuthi leyo datha izosetshenziswa kanjani abasebenzisi nezinye izinhlelo. Lokho kuqonda kube sekuguqulwa kube imidwebo echaza ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene edatha ahlobene futhi ahamba kanjani phakathi kwezingxenye.
Umphumela wokumodela idatha ngokuvamile uba imidwebo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu (noma amamodeli) abonisa ukuthi iqembu ngalinye ledatha lihlobana kanjani namanyeLokhu kungaba imidwebo yomqondo yezilaleli zebhizinisi, amamodeli anengqondo abonisa izakhiwo nobudlelwano ngokuningiliziwe, noma amamodeli angokoqobo axhunywe ngqo kumathebula namakholomu edathabheyisi. Izinga ngalinye lokucashunwa lithuthukisa elangaphambilini, lisondela ekusetshenzisweni.
Idatha ingalinganiswa emazingeni amaningana okucashunwa, kusukela emiqondweni esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu kuya kuma-schema anemininingwane egcwele. Umjikelezo wokuphila kokwenza amamodeli uvame ukuqala ngokuqonda izidingo zababambiqhaza, ukuguqula imithetho yebhizinisi ibe izakhiwo zedatha, bese kuhlungwa lezo zakhiwo zibe umklamo wedathabheyisi oqondile. Endleleni, izikhala, ukungahambisani noma izakhi zedatha ezingekho ziyabonakala futhi zingalungiswa ngaphambi kokuba zibe yizinkinga zokukhiqiza.
Ngenxa yokuthi izidingo ziyashintsha, amamodeli edatha kufanele aphathwe njengezinto eziphilayoZibuyekezwa njalo noma nini lapho kungezwa izici ezintsha, kuvela ukuhlanganiswa, imithethonqubo ishintsha noma kuvela izidingo ezintsha zokuhlaziya. Amamodeli abiwe angashintshwa ngisho nabahlinzeki kanye nabalingani ukuze kuhambisane nendlela idatha eqondwa futhi ishintshwana ngayo kuzo zonke izinhlangano.
Amasu amakhulu okumodela idatha kanye nezinhlobo zamamodeli
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye kwavela amasu ahlukene okumodela idatha, ngalinye lenzelwe ubuchwepheshe obuthile kanye namacala okusetshenziswaKusukela ezinqolobaneni zokuqala zohlu lwezikhundla kuya ezindleleni zesimanje ezinobukhulu kanye nobudlelwano ezisetshenziswa ku-BI, isitayela ngasinye sinikeza amandla athile kanye nokushintshana ngokwemibandela yokuguquguquka, ukusebenza kanye nokulula kokuqonda.
Ngezansi uzothola uhambo olujulile lwezinhlobo zamamodeli edatha abaluleke kakhulu, kuboniswe ngezibonelo eziqondile njengezindawo zokuthengisa izimoto, izindawo zokugcina impahla kanye nezinhlelo zezinkanyezi ze-BI, futhi kuchazwe ngolimi oluhambisana nebhizinisi ukuze abafundi bezobuchwepheshe kanye nabangebona abezobuchwepheshe bakwazi ukulandela.
Ukumodela idatha ngokwezinga
Imodeli yedatha ehlelekile ihlela ulwazi ngesakhiwo esifana nesihlahla, enempande eyodwa phezulu kanye namazinga amaningi ama-node ezingane ngaphansi kwayo. I-node ngayinye yomzali ingaba nezingane eziningi, kodwa ingane ngayinye inomzali oyedwa ngqo, okuholela ephethini eqinile yobudlelwano bomuntu ngamunye kuya kwabaningi.
Kule ndlela, ubudlelwano buqondiswa ngendlela eyodwa ukusuka kumzali kuya enganeniAkukho mqondo wokuthi irekhodi linabazali abaningi. Izikhombisi (noma izixhumanisi) zixhumanisa abazali nezingane zabo, bese udlula kulezo zikhombisi ukuze ufinyelele noma ubuyekeze idatha. Ngenxa yokuthi irekhodi ngalinye lisendaweni ethile esihlahleni, kulula ukucabanga ngozalo lwalo.
Cabanga ngesibonelo somthengisi wezimoto: i-node esezingeni eliphezulu ingamelela "Ama-Showroom". I-node ngayinye ye-showroom izoba nama-node amancane "ezimoto" kanye "nabadayisi", njengoba i-showroom eyodwa ingaphatha izimoto eziningi futhi iqashe abathengisi abaningi. Ukuzulazula kuzohlala kuqala e-showroom bese kwehlela phansi ukuze kubonwe ukuthi yiziphi izimoto nabasebenzi bokuthengisa abangaba ngamalungu ayo.
Amamodeli asezingeni eliphezulu ahle kakhulu uma isakhiwo sakho sangempela sinomumo wesihlahla ngokwemvelo, njengemephu yesayithi yewebhusayithi, amashadi enhlangano, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaresiphi, noma izigaba zemikhiqizo kusayithi le-e-commerce. Isibonelo, "Izicathulo" zingaba isigaba sabazali, ngama-node ezingane afana nokuthi "Izicathulo Zabesifazane" kanye "Nezicathulo Zabesilisa", kanye nezinye izingane ezifana nokuthi "Ama-Sneakers", "Izithende" noma "Amabhuzu".
Lesi sitayela sinezici ezithile ezicacile kanye nemikhawulo: ubudlelwano bungobomuntu oyedwa kuya kwabaningi, uthola indlela eyodwa kuphela kusukela empandeni kuya kunoma yimuphi umntwana onikeziwe, futhi ukususa umzali kuvame ukususa zonke izingane zakhe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokho kususa okungabonakali kungaba lula, kodwa futhi kube yingozi uma ungaqapheli ngezincazelo zesigaba sakho.
Ukumodela idatha yenethiwekhi
Imodeli yedatha yenethiwekhi yandisa indlela yokulandelana ngokuvumela amarekhodi ukuthi abe nabazali abaningiEsikhundleni somuthi omsulwa, ugcina unenethiwekhi efana negrafu yamarekhodi axhunyiwe, njenge-las igrafu yolwazi oluphethwe, okwenza kube lula ukumelela izimo zangempela eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kumodeli yenethiwekhi, kungenzeka amaphethini amaningi obudlelwanoAwukwazi ukusingatha hhayi nje ubudlelwano bomuntu oyedwa kuya kwabaningi, kodwa futhi nobudlelwano bomuntu oyedwa nobuningi kuya kwabaningi. Ama-Node angaxhunyaniswa ngemizila eminingi, okusho ukuthi kungase kube nezindlela eziningana zokufinyelela irekhodi elifanayo lapho uzulazula isakhiwo.
Cabanga ngomfundi osebenza emnyangweni weSayensi yamaKhompyutha kodwa futhi onelungelo lokuboleka emtatsheni wezincwadi. Kumodeli yenethiwekhi, lelo rekhodi "lomfundi" lingaba namarekhodi amabili abazali: elilodwa "loMnyango we-CSE" kanye nelinye "loMtapo Wezincwadi". Lokhu kwakungenakwenzeka esihlahleni esiqinile lapho ingane ingaba nomzali oyedwa kuphela.
Imisebenzi eyisisekelo kumamodeli enethiwekhi ivame ukusetshenziswa kusetshenziswa uhlu oluhlanganisiwe oluyindilingaUhlelo lugcina umkhondo "wesikhundla samanje" kulolo hlu futhi luhamba ngamarekhodi axhunyiwe ngokuya ngobudlelwano obuchaziwe. Lokhu kwenza ukuzulazula kusheshe futhi kube nezimo, njengoba ungalandela imizila eminingi engaba khona eya entweni efanayo yedatha.
Ngenxa yokuxhumana okuphezulu, amamodeli enethiwekhi angamelela ubudlelwano obucacile nobungokoqobo, kodwa futhi ziba nzima kakhulu ukuziqonda nokuziphatha. Ukuklama nokugcina zonke izixhumanisi kungaba yinselele, ikakhulukazi kuma-schema amakhulu kanye nemithetho yebhizinisi eshintshashintshayo.
Ukumodelwa kwedatha ye-Entity-Relationship (ER)
Imodeli ye-Entity-Relationship iyindlela esezingeni eliphezulu, ebonakalayo yokuchaza izidingo zedatha kusetshenziswa imidwebo ye-ERKungenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokubonisa idatha ngomqondo nangokunengqondo, ikakhulukazi lapho usebenza nababambiqhaza bebhizinisi abadinga isithombe esicacile ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kobuchwepheshe.
Kumdwebo we-ER, izakhi eziyinhloko ziyizinto, izimfanelo kanye nobudlelwano. Izinhlangano zimelela izinto zangempela ibhizinisi elizikhathalelayo (njengokuthi “Umfundi”, “Uthisha”, “Isifundo” noma “Umnyango”). Izimfanelo ziqopha izakhiwo zalezo zinhlangano (njenge-ID yothisha, umholo, iminyaka), futhi ubudlelwano bubonisa indlela izinhlangano ezixhumene ngayo (isibonelo, “Uthisha usebenzela uMnyango”).
Izinto zivame ukudwetshwa njengezingxande, izimfanelo njengezi-oval, kanye nobudlelwano njengamadayimane noma imigqa enelebula. Ama-Cardinalities (njengokukodwa kuya kokuningi noma okuningi kuya kokuningi) abonisa ukuthi zingaki izimo zento ngayinye ezingaxhunyaniswa ndawonye. Lo mbhalo ukuvumela ukuthi uthwebule imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi kumdwebo oselula ukuwufunda.
Abakhi bedatha basebenzisa amathuluzi e-ER ukuklama nokuthuthukisa lawa mamodeliEzimweni eziningi, imidwebo ye-ER iba yibhuloho phakathi kokuhlaziywa kwebhizinisi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedatha: uma imodeli ye-ER isivunyelwene ngayo, ingaguqulwa ibe amathebula, okhiye kanye nemingcele ehlobene ngendlela ehlelekile.
Ngoba ukumodela kwe-ER kusebenza ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lokuthatha izithombe, kuhle kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuqondana nababambiqhaza. Ungabuyekeza umdwebo kuma-workshop, ubuze ukuthi ngabe zonke izinto ezidingekayo kanye nobudlelwano zikhona yini, bese ulungisa umklamo ngaphambi kokudlulela ezingqimbeni zobuchwepheshe.
Ukumodela idatha ehlobene
Imodeli yobudlelwano iyinsika yezinhlelo eziningi zedathabheyisi zendabukoLapha, idatha igcinwa kumathebula anezinhlangothi ezimbili enziwe ngemigqa namakholomu, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwamathebula buvezwa ngezihluthulelo, hhayi ngezikhombisi ezicacile njengakumamodeli asezingeni eliphezulu noma enethiwekhi.
Ithebula ngalinye kumodeli yobudlelwano livame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ubudlelwano”, yize empeleni uzozwa abantu bewabiza ngokuthi amathebula. Imigqa yaziwa ngokuthi ama-tuple futhi imelela amarekhodi noma izimo ngazinye, kuyilapho amakholomu ayizimfanelo (noma amasimu) ezichaza izakhiwo ezigcinwe kurekhodi ngalinye.
Thatha futhi indawo yokuthengisa izimoto njengesiboneloUngase ube netafula elithi “Abadayisi” elinamakholomu afana ne-SalespersonID kanye ne-Name, kanye netafula elithi “Izimoto” elihlukile elinamakholomu afana ne-CarID kanye ne-Brand. Umugqa ngamunye etafuleni elithi Abadayisi umele umthengisi wangempela, futhi umugqa ngamunye etafuleni elithi “Izimoto” umele imoto yangempela.
Izihluthulelo eziyinhloko nezihluthulelo zakwamanye amazwe zidlala indima ebalulekile kumodeli yobudlelwano. Ukhiye oyinhloko ukhomba umugqa ngamunye etafuleni (isb., i-SalespersonID noma i-CarID). Lawa makhiye angavela njengezihluthulelo zakwamanye amazwe kwamanye amathebula ukuze amele ubudlelwano. Isibonelo, ithebula elithi “Showrooms” lingafaka kokubili i-SalespersonID kanye ne-CarID njengezihluthulelo zakwamanye amazwe, okuxhumanisa igumbi lokubonisa nomuntu osebenza lapho kanye nemoto eboniswayo.
Ukubambisana phakathi kwezihluthulelo eziyinhloko nezangaphandle yikho okuvumela izizindalwazi zobudlelwano ukuthi zimelele amanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi obudlelwano bebhizinisiUma ubuza ngesizindalwazi, ungahlanganisa amatafula kula makhi, útil para el idatha yedatha ku-SQL kanye nokwakha kabusha izinhlangano zomhlaba wangempela: yiziphi izimoto ezinikezwa indawo yokubonisa, yimuphi umthengisi owayephethe ukuthengiswa okuthile, njalo njalo.
Ukubambisana phakathi kwezihluthulelo eziyinhloko nezangaphandle yikho okuvumela izizindalwazi zobudlelwano ukuthi zimelele amanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi obudlelwano bebhizinisiUma ubuza ngesizindalwazi, ungahlanganisa amathebula kulezi zihluthulelo ukuze wakhe kabusha izinhlangano zomhlaba wangempela: yiziphi izimoto ezinikezwa indawo yokubonisa, yimuphi umthengisi ophethe ukuthengiswa okuthile, njalo njalo.
Imodeli yobudlelwano inamandla, iyaqondakala kahle futhi isekelwa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe. Kukhanya kakhulu uma idatha ihlelekile kakhulu futhi ukufana kubalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ingabhekana nemikhawulo ngezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuqukethwe kwe-multimedia, noma ama-schema aguquguqukayo kakhulu lapho isakhiwo sishintsha khona njalo.
Ukumodela idatha okuqondiswe ezintweni
Ukumodela idatha okuqondiswe ezintweni kuletha imiqondo evela ohlelweni oluqondiswe ezintweni ezweni ledathaEsikhundleni sokucabanga kuphela ngamathebula nemigqa, ulinganisa ulwazi njengezinto ezihlanganisa idatha (izimfanelo) kanye nokuziphatha (izindlela), ubonise indlela izinhlelo zokusebenza zanamuhla ezibhalwa ngayo.
Kumodeli egxile entweni, into ngayinye imelela into yangempela. Kumthengisi wezimoto, ungase ube nento "yeKhasimende" enezimfanelo ezifana negama, ikheli kanye nenombolo yocingo, kanye nezindlela zokuvuselela leyo mininingwane noma ukubala inani lempilo yekhasimende. Ikhasimende ngalinye langempela libe yisibonelo sesigaba seKhasimende ohlelweni.
Le ndlela yokwenza amamodeli inganqoba imikhawulo eminingana yemiklamo ehlobene ngokuqinile, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhulunywa ngezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezihlanganisiwe noma idatha ye-multimedia engangeni kahle ematafuleni ayisicaba. Ama-database ezinto kanye nama-map-relational mappers (ama-ORM) asebenzisa leli thuba ukunciphisa "ukungalingani kwe-impedance" phakathi kwekhodi kanye nokugcinwa kwedatha.
Amamodeli agxile ezintweni avamile ezimweni ze-multimedia kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe, lapho ukugcina izithombe, amavidiyo, noma amadokhumenti ahlanganisiwe njengezinto ezihlangene kungokwemvelo kakhulu kunokuhlukanisa konke kumathebula amaningi obudlelwano. Kodwa-ke, kungaletha ubunzima ekubuzeni, ekubikeni nasekuhlanganiseni uma ungaqaphile.
Ngoba imodeli yento ivame ukusondela kakhulu endleleni abathuthukisi abacabanga ngayo, kungasheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza. Ukushintshana ngokuthi izizindalwazi zezinto ezihlanzekile azivamile kangako kunezobudlelwano, futhi ukuzihlanganisa nezinhlelo zokusebenza zedatha ezibanzi (ikakhulukazi ze-BI) kungaba yinselele kakhulu.
Ukumodela idatha yobukhulu bezibalo kanye ne-BI
Ukumodela idatha enobukhulu kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokugcina idatha kanye nezixazululo ze-Business Intelligence. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukwenza ngcono izakhiwo zedatha ukuze kusheshiswe ukubuza, ukuhlanganisa kanye nokubika, noma ngabe lokho kusho ukukopisha noma ukwenza idatha ibe yinto evamile ngamabomu.
Kumodeli enobukhulu, idatha ihlelwe ngamathebula amaqiniso namathebula obukhuluAmathebula amaqiniso agcina imicimbi yobuningi nelinganisekayo (ukuthengisa, ukuchofoza, ukuthunyelwa, ukuthengiselana), kuyilapho amathebula obukhulu enikeza izimo ezichazayo (isikhathi, umkhiqizo, ikhasimende, indawo) ezikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise futhi uhlukanise amaqiniso ngezindlela eziningi.
Cabanga futhi ngomthengisi wezimoto owakha indawo yokugcina idathaIthebula lamaqiniso lingagcina yonke into yokuthengisa, kufaka phakathi izibalo ezifana nobuningi kanye nemali engenayo, kuyilapho amathebula okulinganisa angachaza "Imoto", "Igumbi Lokubonisa" kanye "Nesikhathi". Ubukhulu "Bemoto" buzofaka izimfanelo ezifana nomodeli kanye nomkhiqizo; ubukhulu "Begumbi Lokubonisa" buzobamba amazinga afana nesifundazwe, idolobha, umgwaqo kanye negama legumbi lokubonisa.
Amamodeli anobukhulu avame ukuphinda ngamabomu idatha ethile kuwo wonke amathebulaLokhu kuphinda kusetshenziswe kuyindlela yokuklama eqondile yokusheshisa imibuzo nokwenza ukuhlaziywa kube lula kubasebenzisi be-BI. Abahlaziyi bangahlunga, bahlanganise futhi bashintshe izimfanelo zobukhulu ngaphandle kokukhokha inhlawulo yokusebenza kwezikimu zobudlelwano ezijwayelekile kakhulu.
Amaphethini amabili ajwayelekile angokwenyama amamodeli anobukhulu yi-schema yezinkanyezi kanye ne-schema yeqhwa, zombili zisetshenziswa kabanzi kumaphrojekthi e-BI. Zinesimo esifanayo sokuhlaziya kodwa ziyahlukahluka endleleni ubukhulu obujwayelekile ngayo.
Amamodeli wedatha ku-Business Intelligence: inkanyezi kanye neqhwa
Ezweni le-BI, lapho abantu bekhuluma “ngemodeli yedatha” bavame ukusho inkanyezi noma i-snowflake schema ngemuva kwemibiko yabo.Lezi zinhlelo zichaza indlela amaqiniso nobukhulu obuhlobene ngayo, futhi zithonya kakhulu ukusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuguquguquka kwamathuluzi okuhlaziya.
Iskimu sezinkanyezi sijikeleza ithebula lamaqiniso aphakathi equkethe izilinganiso ezihlaziywa ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lemininingwane (uhlamvu), kanye nezinkinobho zangaphandle ezixhumanisa namathebula obukhulu azungezile. Zonke izilinganiso zixhuma ngqo etafuleni lamaqiniso, zakha isimo esifana nenkanyezi.
Lo mklamo unenzuzo enkulu: wenza kube lula ukuhlunga nokuhlanganisaNgenxa yokuthi ubukhulu ngabunye buhlanganiswe ngqo nethebula lamaqiniso, imibuzo ilula futhi amathuluzi angakhiqiza i-SQL kalula. Isibonelo, ungase ube nethebula lamaqiniso okuthengisa elixhunywe ngqo kubukhulu beMoto, iKhasimende, iShowroom kanye ne-Time, konke kukhanye njengezinkanyezi.
Uma usuthole ubukhulu obuhambisana neqiniso ofuna ukulihlaziya, ungakha imodeli ebanzi ephendula imibuzo yangempela yebhizinisi: Kuyini ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ngohlobo lwemoto kanye nesifunda? Imiphumela ishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi? Yimaphi amakamelo okubonisa adlula amanye uma enikezwe isitokwe esifanayo?
I-schema yeqhwa isebenzisa amabhlogo wokwakha afanayo kodwa ilungisa ubukhulu bube amathebula amaningi ahlobeneEsikhundleni sesilinganiso esisodwa "sendawo" kuzo zonke izinga lendawo, ungase usihlukanise sibe "izwe", "isifunda", "idolobha" njalo njalo, ngasinye sigcinwe etafuleni laso futhi sixhunywe esakhiweni esijwayelekile.
Amamodeli e-Snowflake ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezikimu zezinkanyezi kodwa landela indlela efanayo yokuhlaziya. Zisetshenziswa lapho idatha yobukhulu inkulu, yabelwana ngayo, noma idinga ukulungiswa okuqinile ukuze kugwenywe ukuphindaphinda. Isibonelo, ubukhulu "bomkhiqizo" bungahlukaniswa ngamathebula ahlukene "omkhiqizo", "umkhiqizo" kanye "nesigaba", ngalinye lijwayelekile futhi lixhunywe ngezihluthulelo.
Ochwepheshe bavame ukuqhathanisa izikimu zezinkanyezi nezeqhwa ngokwezidingo ezifana nokusebenza, isitoreji, umzamo wokulungisa kanye nokulula kokusebenzisaAma-schema ezinkanyezi ngokuvamile anqoba ngokulula kanye nesivinini sokubuza, kuyilapho ama-snowflake engonga isitoreji futhi anciphise ukulungiswa lapho amazinga obukhulu eyinkimbinkimbi noma esetshenziswa kabusha kakhulu kumathebula amaningi amaqiniso.
Amamodeli edatha ayisicaba, ahlelekile kancane futhi ahlobene
Ngale kwamamodeli ajwayelekile okulandelana, inethiwekhi, i-ER, ubudlelwano, into kanye nobukhulu, kunezinye izitayela eziningana okufanele uzazi, ikakhulukazi kumapulatifomu edatha anamuhla kanye nezimo zokuhlanganisa.
Imodeli yedatha eyisicaba iyindlela elula kakhulu yokumelela. Yonke idatha igcinwa etafuleni elilodwa elinemigqa namakholomu, ngaphandle kobudlelwano noma isakhiwo esicacile ngale kwalokho. Ukuze kufinyelelwe isethi ethile yolwazi, uhlelo kungase kudingeke lufunde okuningi kwethebula, okwenza imisebenzi ihambe kancane futhi ingasebenzi kahle njengoba ivolumu yedatha ikhula.
Imodeli ehlelekile kancane iyindlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu yokuxhumana. Kudatha ehlelekile kancane, awunawo njalo umehluko ocacile phakathi kwedatha ne-schema. Ezinye izinhlangano zingase zilahlekelwe yizimfanelo ezithile, kanti ezinye zingase zibe nezinkambu ezengeziwe ezingekho kontanga bazo, futhi lokho kuyamukeleka ngokuphelele.
Lokhu kuguquguquka kuvamile kumafomethi afana ne-JSON, i-XML noma amanye ama-database e-NoSQL. Isici singabamba inani elilula le-athomu noma iqoqo lonke, futhi isakhiwo singahluka kusukela kurekhodi kuya kurekhodi. Lokhu kunamandla lapho kubhekene nemithombo yedatha eguqukayo noma engafani, kodwa kwenza kube nzima ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile kanye nemibuzo yendabuko yobudlelwano.
Imodeli yedatha ehlangene ithatha omunye umbono ngokuhlukanisa idatha ibe “izinto” kanye “nezixhumanisi”Noma yini engaba khona ngokuzimela iphathwa njengento (noma isici), kuyilapho ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto bugcinwa njengezixhumanisi (noma izinhlangano). Into ngayinye inegama kanye nesihlonzi, kuyilapho isixhumanisi ngasinye sinesihlonzi saso kanye nezimfanelo ezikhomba umthombo, isenzo kanye nesihlonzi.
Cabanga ngesigwebo esithi “INdebe Yomhlaba izobanjelwa eLondon kusukela ngoMeyi 30, 2022”Imodeli yokuhlanganisa ingagcina isixhumanisi esisodwa esithi “INdebe Yomhlaba – ibanjelwe eLondon”, lapho “INdebe Yomhlaba” ingumthombo, “ibanjelwe” kuyisenzo, kanti “iLondon” iyisisulu. Esinye isixhumanisi singaxhumanisa leso sixhumanisi sokuqala njengomthombo nosuku lokuqala njengesisulu, ngesenzo esithi “kusukela”.
Lo mbono osekelwe kusixhumanisi ungaveza kakhulu amagrafu olwazi kanye nobudlelwano be-semanticEsikhundleni sokufihla ubudlelwano ngaphakathi kokuhlangana kwetafula noma izinkomba zezinto, uziphatha njengezinto zedatha zekilasi lokuqala ezingabuzwa, zihunyushwe futhi zihlaziywe ngokwazo.
Ukumodela idatha yomqondo wokuhlaziywa kwebhizinisi
Ukumodela idatha yomqondo kugxile ekubambeni imiqondo yebhizinisi kanye nobudlelwano bayo ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngemininingwane yobuchwepheshe efana nezinhlobo zedatha, ama-index noma isitoreji esingokoqobo. Kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zephrojekthi lapho usaqinisekisa ububanzi nezidingo.
Ezindaweni ezifana nePega namapulatifomu afanayo, imodeli yedatha yomqondo iqala ngokuhlonza izinhlangano zebhizinisi kanye nezimfanelo zazo.Isibonelo, esimweni sendawo yokugcina izincwadi, ungase uchaze ibhizinisi elithi “iWarehouse” elinezimfanelo ezifana neGama, iDolobha kanye nomthamo. Ezinye izinhlangano ezifana ne-“Address” kanye ne-“Inventory” zizoxhunyaniswa ne-“Warehouse” ukuze zimele ukuthi indawo ikuphi nokuthi yiziphi izincwadi ezikuyo.
Umdwebo ophumayo ubonisa lezo zinto, izimfanelo zazo eziyinhloko kanye nobudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kwazo.Akudingeki ukuthi ubonise yonke idatha edingekayo ukuze ufinyelele umphumela webhizinisi; umgomo uwukubamba isithombe esikhulu ukuze ababambiqhaza babone ukuthi kukhona yini okusobala okungekho noma okuhlanekezelwe kabi.
Uma uhlangana nababambiqhaza bebhizinisi, imodeli yomqondo iba yinkomba ehlanganyelweKusiza abantu ukuba babone ngeso lengqondo indlela izinqubo zabo ezihambisana ngayo nedatha: yiziphi izinhlangano ezihilelekile esinyathelweni ngasinye, yiziphi izimfanelo ezidingekayo ukuze kuqedwe icala, kanye nalapho kukhona ukuncika phakathi kweminyango noma izinhlelo.
Ukutshala isikhathi esanele ekwakhiweni kwedatha yomqondo kusenesikhathi kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuphinda usebenze kabusha kamuvaUma uthola ukuthi phakathi nephrojekthi izidingo zedatha ebalulekile aziqondwanga kahle noma azinakwanga, kungadingeka ukuthi uphinde wenze izingxenye ezibalulekile zomklamo wenqubo, ukuhlanganiswa kanye ne-UI. Imodeli eqinile yomqondo inciphisa leyo ngozi ngokudalula ukungaqondani ngenkathi ushintsho lusashibhile.
Vele, amamodeli omqondo awashintshiNjengoba iphrojekthi iqhubeka futhi ithimba lifunda okwengeziwe, imodeli ingathuthuka (futhi kufanele) iguquke. Lokho kuthuthuka kuyisibonakaliso sokutholwa okunempilo, hhayi ukwehluleka. Isihluthulelo ukugcina imodeli yomqondo njengombhalo ophilayo ogcina izingxoxo zephrojekthi zisekelwe embonweni ocacile wedatha yebhizinisi.
Amamodeli edatha njengempahla ephilayo, enamasu
Kuzo zonke lezi zindlela kanye nezinhlobo zamamodeli, kuvela isihloko esifanayo: amamodeli edatha awawona nje ama-artifacts obuchwepheshe; angamathuluzi okuxhumana amaqhingaKungakhathaliseki ukuthi udweba umdwebo olula we-ER noma ugcina i-schema enobukhulu obucebile be-BI, ubhala ikhodi yokuthi inhlangano iziqonda kanjani ngendlela yedatha.
Amamodeli edatha akhiwe kahle asekela izinqubo zebhizinisi eziyinhloko, aqondisa ukwakheka kwe-IT futhi anika amandla ukuhlaziya okuthembekileZinikeza ulwazi oluhlanganyelwe phakathi kwamaqembu ebhizinisi nobuchwepheshe, zinciphisa ukungaqondakali, futhi zenze izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo zingabi buhlungu kakhulu ngoba umthelela walezo zinguquko ungalandelelwa ngezinhlaka nobudlelwano obuchazwe ngokucacile.
Kusukela ezihlahleni ezilandelanayo kanye namagrafu enethiwekhi kuya kumathebula ahlobene, amazinga ezinto, izinkanyezi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, izakhiwo eziyisicaba, amafomethi ahlelwe kancane kanye nezixhumanisi ezihambisanayo, isitayela ngasinye sokumodela sinezikhwepha zaso ezimweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa. Izinhlangano zanamuhla azivamile ukusebenzisa eyodwa kuphela; kunalokho, zixuba izindlela eziningi kuzo zonke izinhlelo zazo kanye namapulatifomu edatha.
Ekugcineni, ukubaluleka kokumodela idatha kulele ekutheni kuguqula kanjani ngempumelelo izidingo zangempela ezididayo zibe izakhiwo ezihambisanayo nezikwazi ukuzulazulaUma kwenziwa ngokuzikhandla kodwa futhi nangokusebenza kahle kwebhizinisi, amamodeli edatha aba yimpahla eyisisekelo esheshisa intuthuko, ithuthukise ikhwalithi yedatha futhi inike amandla ukwenza izinqumo kulo lonke ibhizinisi.
