- I-GlobalBuildingAtlas iyimephu ye-3D enemininingwane kakhulu yezakhiwo ezake zenziwa, ehlanganisa izakhiwo ezingaba yizigidigidi ezingu-2.75 ngesisombululo esingu-3×3 m.
- Le phrojekthi ihlanganisa izithombe zesathelayithi ezingu-800,000 zango-2019 nokufunda okujulile kanye nedatha yokuqeqeshwa kwe-LiDAR evela emadolobheni angu-168 ukuze kulinganiswe izinyathelo zesakhiwo, ukuphakama kanye nomthamo.
- Imiphumela yembula umehluko omkhulu emhlabeni wonke: I-Asia iphethe cishe ingxenye yazo zonke izakhiwo, kuyilapho isilinganiso esisha, esakhiwe ngobuningi ngomuntu ngamunye, siveza ukungalingani okukhulu.
- Isethi yedatha evulekile isekela ukuhlela amadolobha, amamodeli esimo sezulu namandla, ukuhlolwa kwezingozi zezinhlekelele ngisho nophenyo ngenkohlakalo yasemadolobheni kanye nokubusa.
Iplanethi ithole ulwazi olusha olungavamile ngokuthula: a imephu yomhlaba wonke ye-3D yezakhiwo eziyizigidigidi ezingu-2.75, ehlanganisa cishe u-97% wazo zonke izakhiwo ezenziwe ngabantu eMhlabeni. Kusukela ezifundeni ezinkulu zaseShayina kuya emakhaya asemakhaya ahlakazekile eSahel, cishe zonke iziphahla ziphendulwe zaba yinto elinganiswayo ngezinga ezintathu.
Ngemuva kwalesi senzo kukhona I-GlobalbuildingAtlas, isethi yedatha enkulu evulekile ephinda yakha kabusha ukuphakama, indawo kanye nomthamo cishe wazo zonke izakhiwo kusetshenziswa izithombe zesathelayithi kanye nokufunda komshini. Kunokuba nje kube umbono okhanyayo, le phrojekthi ibekwa njengethuluzi eliyisisekelo le ukuhlela amadolobha, ukwenziwa kwemodeli yesimo sezulu namandla, ukuhlolwa kwezingozi zezinhlekelele kanye nocwaningo lwezenhlalo ngezinga eliyiplanethi ngempela.
Iyini ngempela imephu ye-3D yezakhiwo eziyizigidigidi ezingu-2.75?
Empeleni, i-GlobalBuildingAtlas iyi- uhlu lwezakhiwo emhlabeni wonke ku-3D, ekhiqizwe ngesisombululo sendawo esingamamitha angu-3 × 3. Isakhiwo ngasinye esimephiwe simelelwe kokubili njenge- Unyawo lwe-2D phansi futhi njengohlelo olulula Ibhulokhi le-3D elinokuphakama okulinganiselwe, okuvumela abacwaningi ukubala indawo yephansi, ubukhulu kanye nokuthi izindawo ezakhiwe ziminyene noma zincane kangakanani.
Ngokusho kwethimba, i-atlas iqukethe Ama-polygons ezakhiwo ayizigidigidi ezingu-2.75Cishe cishe 2.68 billion yazo (cishe 97%), idatha ifinyelela kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi Izinga Lemininingwane 1 (LoD1): amabhlogo aqinile alula ngokwejiyometri athwebula ukuma okuyisisekelo nokuphakama kwesakhiwo ngasinye. Lokhu akuyona imininingwane yezinga lokwakha, kodwa kunembile ngokwanele ukondla amamodeli ezinombolo, ukulingisa kanye nezinhlelo ze-AI ezidinga ukumbozwa komhlaba wonke okuqhubekayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namasethi edatha okwakha omhlaba wonke angaphambilini, afike phezulu cishe ezakhiweni eziyizigidigidi eziyi-1.7, imephu entsha yengeza izakhiwo ezengeziwe ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi futhi inikeza ubuncane obuncane kakhulu. Imininingwane yendawo ichazwa njengefika ku- Izikhathi ze-30 ziphakeme kunezinye zezinqolobane zangaphambilini ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezazingamelwe kangako ngaphambili.
Lokho kukhula kwekhava kubalulekile ngoba izindawo ezazingakahlelwanga kahle njengezingxenye ezinkulu zase-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika kanye nasemakhaya ase-Asia manje sezivele zinezinga lemininingwane efana naleyo evame ukugcinelwa iYurophu noma iNyakatho Melika. Ngamanye amazwi, i-atlas ayinkulu nje kuphela; futhi ilinganiswe kakhulu ngokwendawo.
Iminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisikhombisa yomsebenzi: indlela imephu yomhlaba wonke ye-3D eyakhiwe ngayo
Ukudala imodeli ye-3D cishe yazo zonke izakhiwo emhlabeni kwakungeyona indaba yokusebenza kwe-algorithm eyodwa. Le phrojekthi yathatha isikhathi eside. iminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisikhombisa yentuthuko, okuhlanganisa ukuzwa okukude kwesathelayithi, ukufunda okujulile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane yezinkomba ezihlinzekwa yizinhlelo ezahlukene zokumapha kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi.
Umgogodla wephrojekthi izithombe ezivela Ukubonakaliswa Komphezulu We-PlanetScope, iqoqo lamasathelayithi ezentengiselwano afanekisa uMhlaba cishe Amamitha ama-3 ngephikseli ngayinye. Kule atlasi, abacwaningi baqoqe futhi basebenza ngokuzungezile Izigcawu zesathelayithi ezingu-800,000, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-2019 futhi kwezinye izimo ezimbalwa kwanezelwa idatha ka-2018, kukhethwa ngokucophelela izithombe ezazingenawo amafu kanye nokuphazamiseka komkhathi.
Lezi zigcawu azizange zibekwe ndawonye nje kuphela. Zalungiswa futhi zalungiswa ngokomkhathi ukuze iphikseli ngayinye ihambisane nendawo eqondile yomhlabathi futhi ibonise izakhiwo zomphezulu, kunokuba kube uthuli noma izinto zokukhanyisa. Ithimba labe selithunga le nqolobane enkulu kakhulu ku- i-mosaic yomhlaba wonke, ukukhetha, iphikseli ngephikseli, ukubuka okuhlanzekile kakhulu kwendawo ngayinye.
Ukuze bagxile emandleni okucubungula lapho abantu bakhe khona ngempela, abacwaningi basebenzise umkhiqizo wangaphambilini, i- Izinyathelo Zasemadolobheni Zomhlaba Wonke, ukuhlonza amathayili okungenzeka ukuthi aqukethe izindawo zokuhlala. Yilezo zingxenye kuphela ezadlula ngepayipi lokuthola izakhiwo elalandela, zanciphisa ukubalwa ngenkathi zisathumba izindawo zokuhlala ezikude namadolobhana amancane.
Enye yezinselele ezinzima kakhulu kwakuwukuba hlukanisa izakhiwo zangempela kwezinye izinto ezikhanyayo noma ezihlelekile kubonakala usemkhathini—njengemigwaqo, amawa, ingqalasizinda yezimboni noma imiphetho yezihlahla. Leli qembu lakha umsebenzi wezinyathelo eziningi wokuthola, ukucwenga nokuguqula izakhiwo ezingaba khona zibe yizinyathelo ze-vector ezisebenzisekayo.
Kusukela kuma-pixel e-satellite kuya ezakhiweni ngazinye
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuguqula izithombe zibe imephu yokwakha sasihilela ukuqeqesha inethiwekhi yezinzwa ejulile ukuze ibone ukuthi izakhiwo zikhona kuphi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ithimba linqume i-satellite mosaic yaba ama-patches amancane futhi lawahlanganisa ne- izinyathelo zesakhiwo ezikhona kusukela emithonjeni efana ne-OpenStreetMap kanye nesethi yedatha enkulu echazwe evela eShayina.
Lezo zinyathelo ze-vector zahlungwa ukuze zifane igridi yamamitha amathathu kwesithombe se-PlanetScope, okukhiqiza idatha yokuqeqesha lapho iphikseli ngayinye yayibhalwe khona ngokuthi “isakhiwo” noma “hhayi isakhiwo”. isitayela se-encoder-decoder inethiwekhi ye-neural wabe esefunda ukukhipha "imaski yokwakha": isithombe lapho amaphikseli akhanyayo abonisa izindawo zokwakha ezibikezelwe.
Kodwa-ke, umkhiqizo ongavuthiwe walo modeli wawuvame ukuba hlanganisa izakhiwo ezingomakhelwane zibe ama-blobs aqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezixineneyo zasemadolobheni. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, ithimba lakhe elesibili inethiwekhi yokulungisa ukuhlanza izifihla-buso, ukuhlukanisa izimo ezihlanganisiwe nokulola imingcele ngaphambi kokuziguqula zibe ama-polygon. Ama-algorithms okuthola i-contour, ukwenza lula ama-polygon kanye nokuhlunga izinto ezincane asetshenziswe ukuguqula lezi zifihla-buso ezimbili zibe yizinyathelo ze-vector.
Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, akuzona zonke izinto ezitholakele ezaziyizakhiwo zangempela. Abacwaningi bahlole imiphumela beqhathanisa ne- imephu yomhlaba wonke embozwe umhlaba (WorldCover), ukususa izinto ezitholakala ngokucacile phezu kwamanzi, izinguzunga zeqhwa, amahlathi amancane noma ezinye izinhlobo zomhlaba lapho izakhiwo zingenakwenzeka khona. Lesi sinyathelo esengeziwe sokuhlunga sibonakale sibalulekile ekunciphiseni imiphumela engamanga ezindaweni ezikude.
Ngenxa yokuthi ayikho idatha eyodwa yezinyathelo ephelele noma ehambisanayo emhlabeni jikelele, iphrojekthi isebenzisa isu lokuhlanganisa eliqondiswa yikhwalithiEsifundeni ngasinye sokuphatha, ithimba likhethe umthombo othembekile kakhulu—ngokuvamile i-OpenStreetMap, kodwa futhi ne-Google's Open Buildings yezingxenye zase-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika, idatha yokwakha ye-Microsoft noma isethi yedatha yesifunda ye-East Asia (CLSM)—njengesendlalelo esiyinhloko bese liyicebisa kusetshenziswa imithombo yesibili lapho kwakukhona khona izikhala.
Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi esifundeni ngasinye i-atlas igcina zonke izakhiwo ezivela emthonjeni ongcono kakhulu otholakalayo, ingeza izakhiwo ezingahlangani ezivela emthonjeni wesibili ongcono kakhulu futhi ithembele ezinyathelweni zayo ezikhiqizwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze igcwalise izikhala ezisele. Umphumela ungqimba olulodwa, oluvumelanisiwe lwama-polygon okwakha, ngokusho kwababhali, oluphelele kakhulu kunanoma yiziphi izingxenye zalo ezihlukanisiwe.
Indlela ithimba elilinganisele ngayo ubude nomthamo
Ukuguqula izinhlaka zesakhiwo ze-2D zibe izinto ze-3D kudinga esinye isinyathelo esikhulu: ukulinganisa ukuthi isakhiwo ngasinye side kangakanani. Ukuze senze lokhu, iqembu laqoqa iqoqo elikhulu lezinto idatha ye-LiDAR yasemoyeni ukumboza Amadolobha angama-168, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Oceania, lapho ukuskena nge-laser emoyeni kuye kwasetshenziswa khona ngezinga elikhulu.
Kusukela kule mithombo ye-LiDAR bathole amamodeli obuso bedijithali ajwayelekile (i-nDSM), lapho iseli ngalinye legridi libonisa ukuthi mangaki amamitha aleso phuzu aphakama ngaphezu komhlabathi. Lawa ma-nDSM asebenze njenge- "Iqiniso eliyisisekelo" lokuqeqeshwa inethiwekhi ehlukile ye-neural engase inqume ukuphakama kwesakhiwo ngqo kusuka esithombeni esisodwa se-optical satellite.
Uma sekuqeqeshiwe, lokhu imodeli yokulinganisa ukuphakama kwe-monocular yaqhutshwa phezu kwe-mosaic yomhlaba wonke ye-PlanetScope, ishelela phezu kwendawo enamafasitela ahambisanayo ukuze imboze iphikseli ngayinye. Kuseli ngalinye elingamamitha angu-3 × 3, inethiwekhi ikhiqize inani lokuphakama elibikezelwe. Ukuze kulinganiswe ukuthembeka, uhlelo lukhiqize izibikezelo eziningi eziphazamisekile kancane futhi balinganisa ukuthi bahlukahluka kangakanani, enikeza isilinganiso sokungaqiniseki endaweni ngayinye.
Isinyathelo sokugcina kwakuwukuhlanganisa izinyathelo zesakhiwo ezicwengekile nalokhu igridi yokuphakamaKuyo yonke i-polygon yesakhiwo ngasinye ku-atlas, uhlelo luthathe isampula yengqimba yokuphakama futhi ngokuvamile lunikeze inani eliphakeme lokuphakama kutholakale ngaphakathi kwalowo mfanekiso njengokuphakama kwesakhiwo okumelelayo, kanye nesilinganiso sokungaqiniseki esihambisanayo. Kusukela kulowo mfanekiso nendawo yomfanekiso, inani eliphelele ivolumu isakhiwo ngasinye singabalwa.
Nakuba amamodeli e-LoD1 elula ngokubona—afana namabhokisi abekwe ngokucophelela kunokwakheka okunemininingwane egcwele—abamba okwanele kwe- ifomu elakhiwe ukusekela ukuhlaziywa okuqinileUkuhlolwa emadolobheni kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu Melika, eYurophu, e-Asia nase-Oceania kubonisa ukuthi, yize amaphutha ehluka ngokwesifunda kanye nesimo samadolobha, isethi yedatha yomhlaba wonke isebenza okungenani ngokulinganayo, futhi ngokuvamile ingcono kunemikhiqizo ekhona yokuphakama kwesakhiwo esikhulu.
Lokho okuvezwa yi-atlas yesakhiwo se-3D ngezwe
Njengoba ipayipi lobuchwepheshe likhona, i-atlas ingasetshenziswa ukudweba uhlobo oluthile lwe- i-X-ray yezinombolo yendawo eyakhiweKuwo wonke amazwekazi, isethi yedatha ihlanganisa cishe wonke amazwekazi Amamitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-506,640 omhlaba wesakhiwo futhi cishe Umthamo owakhiwe ngama-cubic metres ayizigidigidi ezingu-2.85.
Okunye okutholakele ngokushesha ukuthi izilinganiso zangaphambilini zomhlaba wonke zokubalwa kwezakhiwo zibonakala ziphezulu kakhulu. Inani elivamile elisakazwa emibikweni yeZizwe Ezihlangene liphakamise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona cishe Izakhiwo eziyizigidigidi ezine emhlabeni jikelele. Amabhiliyoni angu-2.75 atholakale lapha—kuhlanganiswe nendlela ehlelekile atholakale ngayo—asikisela ukuthi inani langaphambilini cishe ladlula inani langempela.
Ukuqhathanisa kwesifunda kuletha umehluko omkhulu. Asia ivela njenge-heavyweight engenakuphikiswa ngokwezibalo zokwakha kanye nomthamo ophelele. I-atlas ibala cishe Izakhiwo eziyizigidigidi eziyi-1.22 kuleli zwekazi, eduze cishe Umthamo owakhiwe ungamamitha ayi-1.27 trillion cubicLezi zibalo zibonisa ukwanda okusheshayo kwamadolobha kanye nobuningi babantu abaningi bamazwe afana neShayina, iNdiya kanye nalawo aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Africa inenani lesibili ngobukhulu lezakhiwo, cishe Izakhiwo eziyizigidi ezingu-540, kodwa ngevolumu encane kakhulu eqongelelwe—ngokulandelana kwe Ama-cubic metres ayizigidigidi eziyi-117Lokhu kungafani phakathi kwenani lezakhiwo kanye nomthamo kugcizelela ukwanda kwe- izindlu ezincane, ezinezitezi eziphansi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuhlala ezingahlelekile kanye nasemiphakathini yasemakhaya.
In I-Europe kanye neNyakatho Melika, i-atlas ithola izakhiwo ezimbalwa kunase-Afrika, kodwa isilinganiso somthamo ngesakhiwo ngasinye siphezulu kakhulu. Izindawo zasemadolobheni zivame ukuhlanganisa amabhlogo aphakathi nendawo naphezulu, izindawo zokugcina impahla kanye nezindlu ezinkulu ezihlukanisiwe, konke okuphakamisa umthamo ojwayelekile wesakhiwo ngisho nalapho inani lezakhiwo liphansi.
i-South AmericaOkwamanje, ivelele ekuhlaziyeni ngokuba nezinye ze amaphutha amakhulu kakhulu ekulinganisweni kokuphakama nomthamoIthimba lixhumanisa lokhu nezingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindawo eziphakeme kanye nezindawo ezingakahleleki, ezinabantu abaningi eziyinselele kakhulu ukuthi imodeli izichaze ngokuqhubekayo, ziqokomisa lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kanye nedatha eyengeziwe yendawo kungaba usizo kakhulu khona.
Isilinganiso esisha: ivolumu eyakhelwe umuntu ngamunye
Mhlawumbe isici esivusa inkanuko kakhulu salo msebenzi ukwethulwa kwenkomba entsha: ivolumu eyakhiwe ngomuntu ngamunyeEsikhundleni sokulinganisa nje ukuthi ingakanani indawo ehlala emadolobheni, lesi silinganiso sibheka inani eliphelele elakhiwe maqondana nenani labantu abahlala endaweni ethile.
Ithimba locwaningo liphikisa ngokuthi le ndlela ibamba ukungalingani okuvame ukufihla amamephu e-flat 2DIzindawo ezimbili zingase zimboze indawo efanayo ebalazweni lendabuko, kodwa amaphrofayili azo aqondile—kanye nezimo zokuphila ezinikezayo—angahluka kakhulu.
Besebenzisa isethi yedatha entsha ye-3D, baqokomisa izimo ezifana nokuthi IFinland neGrisi. IFinland ivele ukuthi cishe indawo engaphezulu ngokuphindwe kasithupha ngomuntu ngamunye kuneGrisi, okubonisa isikhala esiningi ngomuntu ngamunye ohlala khona kanye namaphethini ahlukene asemadolobheni nasezindlini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesikali, Niger kuvela endaweni eyakhiwe ngomuntu ngamunye ecishe ibe Iphansi ngokuphindwe ka-27 kunesilinganiso somhlaba wonke, okukhomba ukuntuleka okukhulu kwengqalasizinda kanye nezindlu.
Lokhu kungalingani akugcini eYurophu noma e-Afrika kuphela. Kuwo wonke amazwekazi, i-atlas yembula ukuthi izifunda ezicebile zivame ukujabulela ivolumu eyengeziwe ngomuntu ngamunye, imigwaqo ebanzi kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu, kanti izifunda ezimpofu zivame ukuhlanganisa izindlu ezincane nezinezitezi eziphansi nengqalasizinda yomphakathi elinganiselwe. Umehluko uba mkhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, izifunda ezicebile zamadolobha amakhulu nezindawo zokuhlala ezingahlelekile eziseduze.
Kusosayensi oholayo wephrojekthi, USolwazi Xiaoxiang Zhu we-Technical University of Munich, lolu shintsho luyisisekelo. Yena nozakwabo baphikisana ngokuthi amadolobha kufanele aphathwe njengalawo izinto ezinobukhulu obuthathu lapho kuhlolwa intuthuko eya Umgomo Wentuthuko Esimeme we-UN 11, egxile emadolobheni nasemiphakathini eqhubekayo, kunokuthembela kuphela ekutheni ingakanani indawo ebhekwa “njengeyasemadolobheni”.
Ngokombono wabo, inani lezakhiwo ngomuntu ngamunye ohlala khona inikeza umbono oqondile, nakuba ungaphelele, ngezinga lokuphila, ukutholakala kwengqalasizinda kanye nobukhulu bokusetshenziswa komhlaba kunamamephu achaza nje imiphetho yezindawo ezakhiwe.
Kusukela ekubunjweni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekuphenduleni enhlekeleleni
Ngaphandle kokuchaza amaphethini omhlaba wonke, imephu yokwakha ye-3D yenzelwe ukuba iwusizo ngempela ngezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezahlukene. Ngenxa yokuthi isakhiwo ngasinye sinendawo ehambisanayo, ukuphakama nendawo, i-atlas ingadla ngqo kumamodeli adinga ukumelwa okuningiliziwe kwendawo eyakhiwe.
Indawo eyodwa ecacile yile ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu namandlaIzakhiwo kulinganiselwa ukuthi zibalwa cishe U-40% wokukhishwa kwe-CO₂ emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa ukushisa, ukupholisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kukagesi. Ukuba nedatha ye-3D ehambisanayo mayelana nokwakha emhlabeni wonke kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi ukulinganisa kangcono isidingo samandla, ukulingisa izimo ezahlukene zokulungisa kabusha kanye nokulinganisa ukwehla okungenzeka kokukhishwa komoya kusukela ezinguqukweni zokwakha, ukufudumala noma ukwakheka kwedolobha.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa okusheshayo ukunciphisa izinhlekelele. Izikhungo ezifana ne Isikhungo se-Aerospace saseJalimane, okuhilelekile ku- Umthetho Wezwe Lonke: Izinhlekelele Zesikhala Nezinkulu, sebevele behlola ukuthi i-atlas ingasiza kanjani ekuhloleni ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo kanye nabantu abachayeke ezikhukhuleni, ekuzamazameni komhlaba, ekubhidlikeni komhlaba noma eziphephweni. Ngedatha enezilinganiso ezintathu, kulula ukulinganisa ukuthi bangaki abantu abangathinteka ezitezi ezahlukene, noma ukuthi ingakanani ivolumu eyakhiwe ngaphakathi kwethafa elikhukhulayo.
Kwabahleli bamadolobha kanye neziphathimandla zendawo, ukuba ne isisekelo se-3D esihambisanayo kuvula amathuba okulingisa ukungenelela ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe. Ohulumeni bamadolobha bangakwazi, isibonelo, thola izindawo lapho ukuhlinzekwa kwezindlu kungaphansi kakhulu kwezidingo zabantu, thola izindawo ezingaba khona zezikole ezintsha noma izikhungo zezempilo bese uhlola ukuthi ukufaka izikhala eziluhlaza noma ukushintsha ukwakheka kwemigwaqo kungathinta kanjani ukuchayeka ekushiseni noma ukufinyeleleka.
Ukuvuleka kwesethi yedatha kubalulekile. I-atlas iyatholakala ku-inthanethi ngokusebenzisa imephu exhumana esebenza ngendlela abasebenzisi abaningi abazoyithola ijwayelekile: umuntu angaphenya, asondeze, akhethe izendlalelo zangemuva ezahlukene njengamamephu ajwayelekile noma ukubukwa kwesathelayithi, bese esesha izindawo ezithile ngamagama noma amakheli. Abasebenzisi bangashintsha phakathi ukubonwa kwevolumu kanye nokumelwa kwebhulokhi ye-LoD1 3D ukuhlola idolobha labo noma izifunda ezikude.
Kulabo abadinga ukufinyelela okujulile, okuyisisekelo idatha nekhodi kungalandwa kusuka ku-GitHubLokhu kuvumela abacwaningi, izinhlangano zomphakathi ngisho nezinkampani ezizimele ukuthi ziqhube ukuhlaziya kwazo, zihlanganise ama-atlase ezinhlelweni ezikhona noma zamukele igrafu yolwazi oluphethwe ukumela ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukuqapha ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni ngesikhathi sangempela
Esinye sezithembiso ezikhanga kakhulu ze-GlobalBuildingAtlas ukuthi akudingeki ukuthi sihlale siyisithombe esisodwa sonyaka ka-2019. Ngoba lo mzila usekelwe ku- idatha yesathelayithi etholwa njalo kanye namamodeli aqeqeshiwe, ngokomthetho, ingabuyekezwa njalo ukuze iveze imibono ebuyekeziwe yesakhiwo somhlaba.
Isazi sokuhlela amadolobha UDorina Pojani, wase-University of Queensland, ugcizelele ukuthi lokhu kungavumela abacwaningi kanye nabenzi benqubomgomo ukuthi landelela ukuvela kwamadolobha eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyishumi ezayo, kunokuthembela ekubalweni kwabantu okungajwayelekile noma kumasethi edatha endawo angavumelanisiwe kuwo wonke amazwe.
Ezifundeni lapho Ulwazi lokuhlela alutholakali kalula noma luphelelwe yisikhathi, njengemizi yesibili ekhula ngokushesha e-Afrika noma e-Asia, lokhu kunganikeza isisekelo sokuqala esithembekile nesisesikhathini sendawo eyakhiwe. Abahleli bazokwazi ukubona, isibonelo, ukuthi izindawo zokuhlala ezingahlelekile zanda kanjani, lapho izindawo zezimboni zingena khona endaweni yezolimo noma ukuthi yiziphi izindawo eziseduze nedolobha ezigcwala ngokwakhiwa okusha.
Ezifundweni zezibalo zabantu kanye nezenhlalo-mnotho, izibuyekezo zesikhathi ezinjalo zingahlanganiswa nezilinganiso zabantu kuya qaphela ukuthi ivolumu eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ngomuntu ngamunye ishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathiIngabe izindawo ezithile ziyafinyelela ezidingweni zezindlu nengqalasizinda, noma ingabe ukungalingani kuyakhula? Yiziphi izinqubomgomo ezihlotshaniswa nokukhula okulinganiselayo kwenani elakhiwe kanye nenani labantu?
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, amathuba okuvuselelwa njalo azoncika ezintweni ezifana nalezi ukutholakala kwedatha yesathelayithi, izinsiza zekhompyutha kanye nekhono lokuthuthukisa amamodeli ngamasethi edatha amasha okubhekisela kuwo, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezingamelwe ngokwanele. Noma kunjalo, umzila oboniswe kumephu ka-2019 unikeza ithempulethi "yezithombe" zesikhathi esizayo zezakhiwo zomhlaba.
Ucwaningo lokungafihli lutho, ukuphatha kanye nenkohlakalo
Ngaphandle kokuhlela ngokomzimba kanye nezifundo zesimo sezulu, i-atlas ingaba nemiphumela futhi ku- ukubusa kanye nokusobalaNgenxa yokuthi ivumela ukuxhumanisa okuhlelekile phakathi kokuba khona kwezakhiwo kanye namanye amasethi edatha, abanye abacwaningi bakubona njengethuluzi lokuhlola ukuthi amandla nemali kuyibumba kanjani indawo eyakhiwe.
Isazi sokuhlela amadolobha UDorina Pojani uveze ukuthi, ngokomthetho, umuntu angasebenzisa idatha yezinga lesakhiwo ukuze hlanganisa amaphrojekthi athile nabathuthukisi, izinkampani noma abadlali bezepolitikiNgokuhlanganisa izindawo zokubhalisa umhlaba, amarekhodi ezinkampani noma idatha yokuthengwa kwempahla yomphakathi, abahlaziyi bangaqala ukubuza ukuthi amanethiwekhi athile abantu anawo yini ubukhona obukhulu ngokungalingani ku- amaphrojekthi anenani eliphezulu noma abekwe endaweni efanele, kusekelwa ngu I-Amazon Neptune.
Ukuhlaziywa okunjalo kungasiza ezifundweni ze- inkohlakalo yasemadolobheni, ukuqagela ngomhlaba kanye nokubamba izinqubo zokuhlelaZingasiza ekuboneni amaphethini lapho ukukhuphuka kwezakhiwo kuhambisana khona nezinguquko zenqubomgomo, noma lapho izindawo ezithile zithola khona intuthuko ephindaphindwayo ephezulu kuyilapho ezinye zihlala zinganakwa ngendlela ehlelekile.
Omunye uchwepheshe, ULiton Kamruzzaman waseMonash University, ugcizelele ukuthi i-atlas inikeza inani elithile emazweni asebenzisa okwamanje ayinalo ulwazi lokuhlela oluthembekileEzimweni ezinjalo, lapho ngisho namamephu ayisisekelo okwanda kwedolobha angase angabi khona, ukutholakala kwesendlalelo sesakhiwo se-3D somhlaba wonke kungasekela ingxoxo ecacile mayelana nendlela amadolobha akhula ngayo, ukuthi yimiphi imiphakathi ethola ingqalasizinda nokuthi izingozi nezinsizakusebenza zisatshalaliswa kanjani.
Yiqiniso, i-atlas ayinikezi isithombe esiphelele sobunikazi, amalungelo obunikazi noma ukuguquguquka komphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngokwenza uhlangothi olungokoqobo lwendaba lubonakala kakhulu futhi lulinganiswa, kungasebenza njengendawo yokuqala izingxoxo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nokulingana, ubulungiswa kanye nokuziphendulela ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha.
Uma sibheka phambili, iqiniso lokuthi isethi yedatha umphakathi futhi ingaphinde ikhiqizwe kusho ukuthi izintatheli, umphakathi kanye nabacwaningi bangahlola ngokuzimela izimangalo mayelana namaphethini okwakha, ukuhlinzekwa kwengqalasizinda noma imiphumela yezinhlelo ezinkulu zentuthuko, kunokuthembela kuphela ezibalweni ezisemthethweni.
Kuzo zonke lezi zinkundla—izifundo zasemadolobheni, isayensi yesimo sezulu, ukuphathwa kwezingozi kanye nokubusa—okusha Imephu ye-3D yezakhiwo eziyizigidigidi ezingu-2.75 iphawula ushintsho oluncane endleleni indawo eyakhiwe ngayo emhlabeni engabonwa futhi ihlaziywe ngayo. Ngokushintsha isithombe esiyisicaba nesinamabala ngempahla enezinhlangothi ezintathu, cishe yomhlaba wonke, i-GlobalBuildingAtlas inikeza uhlaka olujwayelekile lokubhekisela lokuqonda ukuthi abantu bahlala kuphi futhi kanjani, yini eyakhelwe bona nokuthi leyo volumu eyakhiwe yabelwana ngayo ngokungalingani.
