- I-Python Illustrated isebenzisa ukuxoxa izindaba, abalingiswa kanye nemidwebo edwetshwe ngesandla ukuze yenze i-Python ibe lula kubantu abaqalayo ngokuphelele.
- Izihloko eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukufakwa, i-syntax, izinhlobo zedatha, ukugeleza kokulawula, imisebenzi, ifayela I/O, okuhlukile kanye nohlelo oluqondiswe ezintweni.
- Ukuzivocavoca, imibuzo, ama-lambda, ukuqonda kanye ne-OOP kuvala igebe elivela ekufundeni okudlalwayo kuya kumakhono e-Python aqinile, angokoqobo.
- Ukuhlanganisa iziqondiso zokulandisa nezinkomba ezihlelekile kunikeza abafundi kokubili ukuqonda kanye nokuqonda okujulile nokuhlelekile kwePython.
Ukufunda i-Python akudingeki kuzwakale njengokufunda incwadi yemiyalelo eyomile noma ukulwa nezindonga zekhodi ongazazi kahle. Eqinisweni, igagasi elisha lezincwadi ezinobungane nabaqalayo libheka iPython njengohambo olubonakalayo, oluqhutshwa yizindaba, lapho ulandela khona abalingiswa abangavamile, uxazulula izinselele ezincane, futhi kancane kancane uthatha imibono eyinhloko yokuhlela ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi ufunde okungakanani.
Phakathi kwalokhu, i-“Python Illustrated” ivelele njengesiqondiso esihlanganisa ubuciko obudwetshwe ngesandla, amahlaya, ithiyori ehlelwe ngokucophelela kanye nokuzivocavoca okusebenzayo kube yinto eyodwa. Esikhundleni sokukungcwaba ngolimi oluvamile, kuvumela ikati elihlakaniphile kanye ne-dachshund ekhungathekile kancane ukuthi ikuqondise kukho konke okuvela ku- ukufaka i-Python kuhlelo oluqondiswe ezintweni ezithile, ukulungisa amaphutha ngisho nokwakhiwa okusebenzayo njenge-lambdas kanye nokuqonda. Kuzungezile, kune-ecosystem yonke yezincwadi ze-Python zendabuko kodwa ezisatholakala kalula kanye nama-PDF agxila kakhulu ku-syntax, izinhlobo zedatha, ukugeleza kokulawula, imisebenzi, amakilasi kanye nezihloko ezithuthukisiwe.
Yini eyenza i-“Python Illustrated” ihluke kwezinye izincwadi ze-Python?
Enhliziyweni ye-“Python Illustrated” kukhona uhambo oluqanjiwe olubonisa uZia ikati noWiesje i-dachshund, abahlola i-Python ndawonye ngenkathi belinganisa indlela yokucabanga yomuntu oqalayo wangempela. UZia uhlakaniphile, unesineke futhi unolwazi ngekhodi, kanti uWiesje umele umfundi okhathazeka ngokwenza amaphutha, ukubhajwa, noma ukudinga enye inkomishi yekhofi ngaphambi kokubhekana nenselele elandelayo.
Lokhu kuhlelwa kwendaba akuyona nje icebo elihle: kusetshenziselwa ukwethula imiqondo ngendlela yemvelo nokukhombisa indlela umfundi wangempela acabanga ngayo. Lapho incwadi ichaza into eyinkimbinkimbi—njengezihibe, ukulungisa amaphutha, noma amakilasi—uWiesje uvame ukukhononda, ukungabaza, noma ukubuza imibuzo eqondile abafundi abayicabanga buthule. UZia uphendula ngezincazelo ezizolile, izifaniso kanye nezinsiza ezibonakalayo, okukusiza ukuthi ubone ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye ingena kanjani endaweni enkulu yePython.
Esinye sezici ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu isitayela sokudweba esidwetshwe ngesandla esithatha indawo yezithombe-skrini ezivamile ezihlanzekile. Isibonelo, uma incwadi ikukhombisa ifasitela lesiphelo noma i-VS Code debugger, ayimane nje inamathisele esithombeni-skrini; idweba inguqulo elula enezimpawu ezicacile nemicibisholo ezingxenyeni okudingeka uziqaphele ngempela—njengokuthi lapho kuvela khona ama-breakpoint, yiliphi iphaneli elibonisa iziguquguquko, nokuthi imilayezo yamaphutha ihlala kuphi.
Le mifanekiso ibaluleke kakhulu kubafundi ababonayo abalahleka ezindaweni ezixubile. Esikhundleni sokuzama ukunquma isikrini esigcwele se-IDE, ubona izingxenye ezibalulekile kuphela, unemininingwane eyanele yokulandela kukhompyutha yakho kamuva. Lokhu kucaca okubonakalayo yilokho ababuyekezi abaningi abakugcizelelayo: awuchithi ukunaka ufuna okubalulekile esikrinini; imidwebo ikutshela ngqo.
Ithoni kulo lonke i-“Python Illustrated” ifudumele ngamabomu, inobuntu futhi ngezinye izikhathi iyazehlisa isithunzi ngokudlala. Amazwi kaWiesje mayelana nokudinga ukuhamba noma ikhofi lapho izinto ziba nzima ayisikhumbuzo esimnene sokuthi ukuhlupheka kulindeleke, hhayi uphawu lokuthi "awudalelwe ukwenza izinhlelo". UZia ugcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukuhlela kuyinselele kuwo wonke umuntu ekuqaleni nokuthi ukubekezela kuyingxenye yenqubo.
I-“Python Illustrated” ihloselwe ubani, futhi ihlanganisani?
Le ncwadi yenzelwe ikakhulukazi abaqalayo ngokuphelele noma abantu abanolwazi oluncane lokubhala amakhodi abafuna indlela ethambile kodwa engathi sína yokungena ePython. Lokho kusho ukuthi awudingi ulwazi lwangaphambilini ngeziguquguquko, ama-loop noma imisebenzi. Uma ungakwazi ukuthayipha, ulandele imiyalelo, futhi unelukuluku, ungaphakathi kwezilaleli eziqondiwe. Kusebenza kahle nakwabeluleki abafuna insiza ehlelekile yokuqondisa umfundi omusha.
Ababhali bagxila kuhlelo olukhethiwe nolusebenzayo lolimi lwe-Python kunokuzama ukufaka zonke izici ezingacacile. Uzosebenza ngokufaka i-Python, ukhethe indawo yokuthuthukisa, uzulazule ku-terminal, bese uqhubeka ngokusebenzisa izakhi zokwakha izinhlelo:
- Ukusetha i-Python kanye ne- umhleli wekhodi noma i-IDE (nezibonelo ezisebenzisa i-VS Code kanye nesingeniso ku-debugger)
- Izinhlobo zedatha eziguquguqukayo neziyisisekelo njengezinombolo, izintambo kanye nama-boolean
- Amaqoqo: uhlu, ama-tuple kanye nezichazamazwi, kufaka phakathi ukuthi ngayinye ifaneleka nini
- Izimo kanye nezihibe: uma, elif, okunye, okwesikhathi esithile
- Imisebenzi: amapharamitha, amanani okubuyisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-logic
- Ukuphathwa kwefayela: ukufunda nokubhala amafayela
- Uhlelo oluhlelwe ngamagama: amakilasi, izimfanelo kanye nefa
- Ukulungisa iphutha kukhodi ye-VS, kufaka phakathi izindawo zokuphumula kanye nesimo sokuhlola
- Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ngemva kwencwadi, njengokuhlola izihloko ezithuthukisiwe noma amalabhulali angaphandle
Ababuyekezi bagcizelela ukuthi ukulandelana kwezihloko akulona iphutha. Isibonelo, incwadi ayigxumi kalula; iqale ikubeke ohlwini nasezichazamazwini ukuze uma uhlangana nesitatimende esithi for, usukulungele ukubona ukuthi siphindaphinda kanjani kulawo maqoqo. Ngokufanayo, uhlelo oluqondiswe ezintweni luhlelwe njengesisekelo, hhayi umsebenzi wezemfundo: uthola okwanele mayelana namakilasi kanye nefa lokufunda izincwadi eziphakathi kamuva ngokuzethemba.
Kunezinto ezimbalwa ezishiyiwe ngamabomu, ikakhulukazi izici zolimi ezithuthukisiwe noma ezingavamile ukusetshenziswa njengezimemezelo ezingezona ezendawo noma zohlobo. Isizathu silula: abaqalayo bazuza kakhulu ngokufunda kahle ingqikithi engu-80% yolimi abazolusebenzisa nsuku zonke kunokulwa nezici ezisemaceleni esahlukweni sokuqala. Uma leyo ngqikithi isiqinile, kulula kakhulu ukuthola imininingwane ejulile kweminye imithombo.
Indawo eyodwa lapho abanye ababuyekezi bezobuchwepheshe bephakamisa khona ukuthi kungaba nokumbozwa okwengeziwe ukuphathwa kwemvelo kanye namaphakheji angaphandle. Incwadi iyakuqondisa ekufakeni i-Python uqobo kanye nokubhala ikhodi endaweni, kodwa ayingeni shí izindawo ezibonakalayo noma amathuluzi afana ne-UV, i-Venv noma i-Conda okugcina amaphrojekthi ehlukanisiwe nokuphatha ukuncika okuvela ku-PyPI. Kumuntu osaqalayo ngokuphelele, lokho kungaba yinto efanele, kodwa kuyinto okufanele uyihlole uma usuqedile indaba noZia noWiesje.
Ukufunda ngezandla: izivivinyo, imibuzo kanye nokulungisa amaphutha
I-“Python Illustrated” akuyona nje incwadi yezindaba enekhodi efakiwe; iyincwadi yokusebenzela egcwele izivivinyo ezisebenzisanayo, imibuzo kanye nokuhlola okusebenzayo kokuqonda kwakho. Cishe isahluko ngasinye siphetha ngemisebenzi ekucela ukuthi ubhale, uguqule noma ulungise amaphutha ezikripthi ezincane kunokufunda nje ngazo. Izixazululo zifakiwe ukuze ukwazi ukuqhathanisa ikhodi yakho nesibonelo esisebenzayo bese ubona ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula inkinga efanayo.
Le ndlela yokusebenzisana yenza le ncwadi ibe usizo kokubili ekuzifundeni nasekufundiseni okuqondiswayo. Uma usebenza nomfundi noma umuntu ofundiswayo, ungabela izivivinyo zokuphela kwesahluko, bese udlula esixazululweni eceleni. Ngenxa yokuthi izibonelo zihlelwe ngabalingiswa namahlaya, azizwakali njengomsebenzi wesikole onzima kodwa zifana nokwandisa indaba.
Enye indlela incwadi ephatha ngayo kahle kakhulu kwabaqalayo ukulungisa amaphutha. Imibhalo eminingi yokuqala ikhuluma ngokulungisa amaphutha ngokunganaki, kodwa i-"Python Illustrated" inika isikhala sokuchaza ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani sebenzisa i-debugger ku-VS Code, futhi ngemidwebo edwetshwe ngesandla yesixhumi esibonakalayo. Uyabona ukuthi ungabeka kuphi ama-breakpoint, ukuthi ungadlula kanjani kukhodi, ukuthi ungahlola kanjani iziguquguquko nokuthi ungabuka kanjani amanani eshintsha njengoba uhlelo luqhubeka.
Leli zinga lencazelo ebonakalayo lichaza lokho abantu abaningi abasha abakubona “njengethuluzi lomsebenzisi onamandla”. Uma usubukele uZia ehambisa uWiesje edlula umsebenzi, noma emisa ukusebenza lapho kuhlangatshezwana nombandela, cishe uzozama i-debugger ngokwakho esikhundleni sokuthembela kuphela ezitatimendeni eziphrintiwe.
Amahlaya mayelana namakhefu, ukuphazamiseka kanye “nokunuka into engavamile esigabeni esilandelayo” kungaphezu nje kokunambitheka. Kwakha uzwela futhi kuvuselela umqondo wokuthi ukufunda ukulungisa amaphutha, njengokufunda ukubhala ikhodi nhlobo, kuyinto ephindaphindayo futhi engaphelele. Leso simo sengqondo singenza umehluko omangalisayo wokuthi abaqalayo bayaphikelela yini lapho into ingasebenzi okokuqala.
Kusukela eziqondisweni zokulandisa kuya ezincwadini zesitayela sokubhekisela ezihlelekile
Nakuba i-“Python Illustrated” ithambekele kakhulu ekulandiseni izindaba kanye nezithombe, kunezinye futhi imibhalo yendabuko, yesitayela sokubhekisela ekususa ku-zero kuya ku-Python ephakathi eqinile ngendlela ehlelekile, isahluko ngesahluko. Lezi zincwadi zivame ukuza njengama-PDF angalandwa futhi zakhiwe ngokuhambisana nokuqhubeka okujwayelekile: ukufakwa, i-syntax, izinhlobo zedatha, ukugeleza kokulawula, imisebenzi, okuhlukile, ifayela I/O kanye nohlelo oluqondiswe ezintweni.
Isibonelo esimele siyisiqondiso esinemifanekiso se-Python 3 esiqala ngezisekelo zokuthi kungani i-Python ithandwa nokuthi yini eyenza kube lula ukuyifunda kunezinye izilimi eziningi. Umbhali ugcizelela izinzuzo ezifana ne-syntax elula, amabhlogo ekhodi asekelwe ekungeneni, ukuthayipha okunamandla, kanye neqiniso lokuthi awulwi njalo ngama-semicolon, ama-braces noma izimemezelo zohlobo. Uphinde ubone i-ecosystem ebanzi yePython: izinhlaka zewebhu ezifana ne-Django kanye ne- I-Flask, isayensi yedatha kanye nemitapo yolwazi yokufunda komshini efana ne-scikit-learn, i-TensorFlow kanye ne-Keras, kanye nomphakathi ovulekile ngemuva kwabo.
Lezi ziqondiso ezisemthethweni zinikeza ukuhlukaniswa okuningiliziwe kwezici zolimi, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa amathebula okuqukethwe ahlelwe ngokucophelela. Ungase uqale ngezahluko ku:
- Ukusethwa kwendawo: ukulanda nokufaka i-Anaconda noma i-core Python, kusetshenziswa ama-IDE afana ne-Jupyter Notebook kanye ne-Spyder
- Okubalulekile kwe-syntax: izitatimende, ukuhlukana kwemigqa, izitatimende zemigqa eminingi ezinezinhlansi ezingemuva, imithetho yokungena kanye namabhulokhi ekhodi
- Izikhombisi namagama angukhiye: izimiso zokuqamba amaphakheji, amamojula, amakilasi, imisebenzi kanye neziguquguquko ezizimele
- Okokufaka komsebenzisi nge okokufaka() umsebenzi
Ukusuka lapho, okuqukethwe kuvame ukusabalala kube uhambo lwezinhlobo zedatha eziyisisekelo zePython kanye nabaqhubi. Uyabona ukuthi ungadala kanjani izinto eziguquguqukayo ngaphandle kokumemezela izinhlobo kuqala, ukuthi i-Python ibela kanjani izinhlobo ngesikhathi sokusebenza, nokuthi ungazihlola kanjani lezo zinhlobo nge uhlobo()Bese uhlola izinhlobo zezinombolo (int, float, long, complex), izintambo kanye nokuhlangana kwezintambo, bese ekugcineni uqoqa njengohlu, ama-tuple kanye nezichazamazwi.
Abaqhubi kanye nokugeleza kokulawula bathola ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Ama-operators ezibalo (+, -, *, /, %, **), ama-operators anengqondo (kanye, noma, hhayi), ama-operators okuqhathanisa (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=) kanye nama-operators obulungu (ku, hhayi ku) konke kuchazwa ngezibonelo bese kusetshenziswa ezitatimendeni ezinemibandela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uzijwayeza ukuhlola okulula kwe-if, amagatsha e-if/else, izimo ze-elif eziboshwe ngeketanga kanye nezakhiwo ze-if ezihlanganisiwe ukuze ubonise i-logic enezici eziningi.
Uma izinto eziyisisekelo sezikhona, lezi ziqondiso zishintsha zibe yizihibe kanye nokuphindaphinda. I-loop ye-for inikezwa njengendlela yokudabula uhlu, ama-tuple, izintambo kanye nezichazamazwi, kanye nendlela yokuphindaphinda ngokulandelana okukhiqizwe yi ububanzi()Ufunda nge-while loops yokuphindaphinda okulawulwa yisimo, bese ubona ukuthi kanjani ukuphuka futhi qhubeka kukuvumela ukuthi uphume kusenesikhathi noma weqe iziphindaphindo ezithile kokubili ku-for kanye ne-while constructs.
Izingxenye ezinde zinikezelwe kuhlu kanye nokusebenza kwazo, ikakhulukazi uhlu, ama-tuple kanye nezichazamazwi. Uzothola ukumbozwa okuphelele kokufakwa ohlwini, ukusika, ukufaka, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlola ubulungu, ukuthola ubude kanye nohlu lokuhlunga. Ama-Tuples ethulwa njengokulandelana okungaguquki, nezibonelo ezibonisa okwenzekayo uma uzama ukuwaguqula. Izichazamazwi ziphathwa njengokuhlelwa kwezihluthulelo zamanani, ngezindlela ezisebenzayo ezifana okhiye(), amanani(), izinto (), ikhophi (), sula () kanye nemisho ejwayelekile yokuphindaphinda phezu kwezinkinobho, amanani noma amabhangqa enani lokhiye.
Okuhlukile, amafayela kanye nezinhlelo ze-Python eziqinile
Isici esibalulekile sanoma iyiphi imfundo ye-Python engathi sína ukufunda indlela yokusingatha amaphutha, futhi lezi zincwadi ezisekelwe kakhulu ekubhekiseleni kuzo zithatha ukuphathwa okuhlukile njengento ebalulekile kakhulu. Bachaza ukuthi yini okuhlukile—isenzakalo esiphazamisa ukugeleza kohlelo okuvamile—nokuthi i-Python iphakamisa kanjani okuhlukile njengezinto eziphethe ulwazi mayelana nokuthi yini engahambanga kahle.
Uthunyelelwa iphethini ephelele ye-try/except/else futhi ukhonjiswe ukuthi ungazibamba kanjani izinhlobo ezithile zokungakhethi. Izibonelo zibonisa Iphutha le-ZeroDivision uma uhlukanisa ngo-zero, i-a Iphutha Legama lapho kubhekiselwa ku-variable engakachazwa, kanye nendlela yokubhala ama-block amaningi ngaphandle kokuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukene. Kukhona futhi nokuhlanganiswa kokubamba isisekelo Ngaphandle uhlobo lokuphatha okujwayelekile lapho ungazi ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezihlukile ezingase zivele.
Ukusuka lapho, ingxoxo ivame ukugeleza ngokwemvelo ekuphathweni kwefayela le-Python. Uyabona ukuthi ungawavula kanjani amafayela nge- vula() umsebenzi, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezifana nokufundwa (r), bhala (w), faka (a) kanye nezinhlobo ezimbili ezifana rb or wb. Izimfanelo zento yefayela (Igama, imodi, Ivaliwe) ziyahlolwa, kanye nezindlela ezifana funda (), bhala (), tshela() futhi vala ().
Ufunda futhi ukuphatha amafayela ezingeni lesistimu yokusebenza usebenzisa i- os module. Izikripthi ezilula zibonisa indlela yokuqamba kabusha ifayela nge os.rename() noma uyisuse nge os.remove(), nokuthi ungahlola kanjani indawo yokufunda yamanje usebenzisa tshela(). Kuhlale kugcizelelwa ukuqonda ukuthi idatha ihamba kanjani phakathi kwekhodi yakho kanye nohlelo lwefayela ngendlela ephephile neqondakalayo.
Ndawonye, okuhlukile kanye nokuphathwa kwamafayela kukunikeza amathuluzi okwakha izinhlelo ezingasebenzi kahle kuphela, kodwa futhi ezihluleka kahle lapho kwenzeka into engalindelekile. Isibonelo, ungase uhlanganise i-try/except nokuvulwa kwefayela ukuze ubonise umlayezo onobungane uma ifayela lingekho, esikhundleni sokuvumela iskripthi sakho sishayeke nge-stack trace abasebenzisi bakho abangayiqondi.
Imisebenzi, ama-lambda namathuluzi esitayela sokusebenza
Uma usuvele unomuzwa wokulawula i-syntax kanye nokugeleza, isinyathelo esilandelayo esikhulu ukubhala ikhodi engasetshenziswa kabusha nge-functions. Izincwadi ezikulesi sikhala zihamba ngemisebenzi echazayo nge def, baqambe amagama ngokwemigomo, badlulise amapharamitha futhi babuyisele amanani nge ukubuyaWakha izibonelo eziyisisekelo njengemisebenzi ephrinta imiyalezo, ebala izibalo noma eguqula amanani, bese udlulela emisebenzini ehilelekile kakhulu enemingcele eminingi.
Ukuziphatha kwepharamitha kuhlolwa ngokuningiliziwe, kufaka phakathi izimpikiswano ezizenzakalelayo kanye nendlela iPython edlulisa ngayo izimpikiswano ngereferensi. Uyabona ukuthi amanani azenzakalelayo angenza lula kanjani izingcingo zomsebenzi, nokuthi ukuguqula uhlu ngaphakathi komsebenzi kuthinta kanjani uhlu lokuqala ngaphandle, ngoba zombili ziyizinkomba zento efanayo eyisisekelo. Lokhu kuvame ukumangaza abasanda kufika, ngakho-ke izincwadi zinikeza izibonelo ezicacile zangaphambi/ngemuva kohlu oluguqulwa yimisebenzi yomsizi.
Ukwelashwa kuvame ukudlulela emisebenzini engaziwa kusetshenziswa i-lambda izinkulumo. Ufunda ukubhala imisebenzi emincane esemgqeni efana i-lambda a, b, c: a + b + c bese uwabela eziguquguquki, bese uwabiza njengemisebenzi eqanjwe ngamagama. Ukusuka lapho, wethulwa emisebenzini ye-oda eliphezulu esebenzisa ama-lambda ukuveza imisebenzi ngendlela ehlangene.
Amathuluzi amathathu asebenzayo abonakala kakhulu: imephu(), isihlungi() futhi ukunciphisa (). Imephu isebenzisa umsebenzi entweni ngayinye yochungechunge olulodwa noma ngaphezulu futhi ibuyisela ukulandelana okusha kwemiphumela. Ihluzo ligcina kuphela lezo zinto lapho isichasiso sibuyisela khona i-True. Nciphisa (kusuka ku- ama-functools) ihlanganisa ngokuphindaphindiwe izakhi zochungechunge kusetshenziswa umsebenzi we-binary, ekugcineni ibuyisa inani elilodwa.
Izibonelo eziqondile zenza le mibono ibonakale. Ungalinganisa yonke into yohlu usebenzisa imephu (i-lambda x: x * x, izinombolo), hlunga izinombolo ezilinganayo kuphela nge isihlungi (i-lambda a: a % 2 == 0, izinombolo), noma ubale umkhiqizo wazo zonke izakhi zohlu usebenzisa ukunciphisa(lambda a, b: a * b, nums)Lawa maphethini aphinda imiqondo ebonakala kamuva ekucutshungulweni kwedatha, ekuhlaziyeni nasekufundeni komshini.
Okokugcina, ukuqonda uhlu kuqedela leli bhokisi lamathuluzi elisebenzayo ngokunikeza i-syntax emfushane nefundekayo yokudala nokuguqula uhlu. Ubona amafomu alula afana nalawa ukwakha uhlu lwezikwele, ukuqonda ngezimo ezifana nokuthi ukuhlunga ama-even, ngisho nokuqonda okuhlanganisiwe ukudala imikhiqizo exubile efana nokuhlanganiswa kosayizi nomuntu.
Uhlelo olugxile ezintweni, ifa kanye ne-polymorphism
Ukuze sidlulele ngale kwezikripthi futhi siye ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinkulu nezilondolozekayo, uhlelo oluqondiswe ezintweni (i-OOP) luba yinto ebalulekile, futhi lezi ziqondiso zePython zinikeza uhambo oluphelele lwemiqondo ye-OOP. Uqala ngamakilasi njengemidwebo kanye nezinto njengezibonelo zalawo makilasi, bese ubeka ungqimba phezu kwezimfanelo, izindlela, abakhi, izakhiwo kanye nezindlela ezikhethekile.
Izincazelo eziyisisekelo zekilasi zibonisa indlela yokufaka idatha kanye nokuziphatha. Isibonelo, a Umuntu ikilasi lingaba nezimpawu ezifana negama, ubudala nobulili kanye nezindlela ezifana ukuma () or hlala()Uyabona ukuthi ungadala kanjani izinto (umuntu1 = Umuntu()), finyelela izimfanelo nge-dot notation, bese uchaza __init__ umakhi ukusetha isimo sokuqala noma nini lapho kudalwa instance entsha.
Umehluko phakathi kwezimfanelo zeklasi kanye nezimfanelo zesibonelo umbozwe ngokujulile. Izimfanelo zekilasi, ezichazwe ngqo emzimbeni wekilasi, zabelwana ngazo zonke izimo, njenge- inani_lomuntu okulandelela ukuthi zingaki izinto ezidaliwe. Izimfanelo ze-Instance, ngokuvamile ezinikezwa ngaphakathi __init__ noma ezinye izindlela ngokusebenzisa uqobo, zingezakho izinto ngazinye futhi zingahluka ngesinye nesinye.
Ukufakwa kwe-capsulation kanye nokufinyelela okulawulwayo kuza ngokulandelayo, ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo kanye neziguquli zokufinyelela. Ufunda ukusebenzisa @impahla kanye nabahlobisi be-setter abahambisanayo ukuqinisekisa noma ukuguqula amanani lapho enikezwa. Isibonelo esivamile yinkambu yenyanga yokuphelelwa yisikhathi eboshelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo phakathi kuka-1 no-12, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhodi yangaphandle izama ukusetha yiphi inani. Lokhu kuvimbela izimo ezingavumelekile ukuthi zingene ezintweni zakho.
Iziguquli zokufinyelela zichazwa kusetshenziswa izimiso zokuqamba amagama: izimfanelo zomphakathi ezinamagama acacile, ezivikelwe ezine-underscore eyodwa ehamba phambili, kanye nezangasese ezine-underscore ephindwe kabili. Nakuba i-Python ingaphoqeleli ukulawulwa kokufinyelela ngendlela ezinye izilimi ezenza ngayo, lawa maphethini aveza inhloso futhi athinta ukuziphatha kokuphanga amagama ezimfanelweni zangasese.
Ifa liqaliswa njengendlela yokwabelana ngokusebenza okuvamile phakathi kwamakilasi ahlobene. Ungase ubone ujenene Imoto ikilasi lesisekelo elinezimfanelo ezivamile ezifana nokuthi Igama futhi umbala, Futhi bike isigaba esincane esizuza lezo zimfanelo ngenkathi sengeza esaso intengo insimu. Izibonelo zibonisa indlela yokubiza umakhi womzali kusukela kumntwana (Imoto.__init__(uqobo, igama, umbala)) bese wandisa ngokuqaliswa okuqondene nengane.
Izinto azigcini nje ngefa elilodwa elilula. Uhlangana namakilasi amaningi ezingane athola ifa kumzali ofanayo, ngisho nefa eliningi, lapho ikilasi elilodwa lithola ifa kubazali abangaphezu koyedwa, njenge Car ikilasi elizuza kokubili njengefa Imoto futhi I-SedanNgenkathi i-multiple inheritance ingaba nzima ekwakhiweni komhlaba wangempela, ukuyibona isebenza kucacisa ukuthi i-Python ixazulula kanjani ukubheka izindlela kuzo zonke izigaba zabazali.
I-Polymorphism ixhunyaniswe namaphethini amabili ayinhloko: ukudlula indlela kanye nokulayisha ngokweqile komqhubi ngezindlela ezikhethekile. Ukweqa indlela kuvela lapho iklasi elincane linikeza ukusetshenziswa kwalo kwendlela echazwe kumzali, njenge- Umphathi ukuchazwa kabusha kwekilasi imininingwane yokuphrinta() kusukela UmqashiUkulayisha ngokweqile komqhubi kuboniswa ngezindlela ezikhethekile ezifana __engeza__, __gt__ futhi __str__, okuvumela izimo zekilasi ukuthi zihlanganyele ezinkulumweni ezifana umuntu1 + umuntu2 noma ukukhiqiza izethulo zezintambo ezifundekayo uma ziphrintiwe.
Lesi sisekelo se-OOP sikubeka endaweni yokuklama izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lapho izinto ezihlobene zabelana khona ngekhodi, ziphoqelele imingcele futhi ziveze isikhombikubona esihlanzekile kulo lonke uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Uma ihlanganiswe nesitayela sokwethula esithambile nesisekelwe endabeni se-“Python Illustrated”, iqinisekisa ukuthi uma abalingiswa sebephumile, usakwazi ukwakha izinhlelo zakho ngendlela eqinile.
Uma zihlanganiswa, i-“Python Illustrated” eqhutshwa yindaba kanye neziqondiso zesitayela se-PDF ezisebenzisa i-encyclopaedic zakha indlela yokufunda enamandla: uqala ngokuxoxa izindaba okudlalwayo kanye nokuqonda okubonakalayo, bese ukhula ube ububanzi obugcwele be-syntax ye-Python, amaphethini ajwayelekile kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu, kusukela eziguquguquki kanye nokushintshashintsha kuze kube yizimo ezihlukile, ifayela I/O, abasizi abasebenzayo, izinto, ifa kanye ne-polymorphism. Uma ukhuluma nabo ngesineke—isineke esifanayo uZia ahlala ekhumbuza ngaso uWiesje—awugcini nje ngokukwazi ukulandela izifundo, kodwa futhi uhlonyiselwe ukufunda, ukuqonda nokubhala ikhodi yakho ye-Python ebalulekile.
