Isakhiwo sokuqukethwe kwe-HTML: umhlahlandlela ophelele wokwakha amakhasi aqinile

Ikhaya » Python » Isakhiwo sokuqukethwe kwe-HTML: umhlahlandlela ophelele wokwakha amakhasi aqinile

Ukufunda ukuhlela okuqukethwe ku-HTML umehluko phakathi kwekhasi elimane “libonise okuthile esikrinini” kanye nekhasi okulula ukulizulazula, elifinyelelekayo, kanye ne-SEO-friendly. Uma i-HTML yakho ihlelwa ngohlelo olucacile, iziphequluli, izinjini zokusesha, nobuchwepheshe obusizayo baqonde ngokushesha ukuthi zonke izingxenye zisho ukuthini nokuthi zonke zihlangana kanjani.

Esikhundleni sokucabanga nge-HTML njengendlela yokuphonsa amathegi ekhasini, kuyasiza ukuyibona njengepulani yedokhumenti yakho. Ngesakhiwo esiqinile uchaza ukuthi okuqukethwe kwakho okuyinhloko kuhlala kuphi, ukuthi izihloko zihlobene kanjani, yini ukuzulazula, iluphi ulwazi lwesibili, nokuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezichaza umbhalo ngokwawo ekhanda. Kulo mhlahlandlela sizongena sijule esakhiweni sokuqukethwe nge-HTML: kusukela kuhlaka lwamathambo lomhlaba wonke lwekhasi, kuya ezihlokweni, i-semantics, ukufinyeleleka, kanye namaphethini athile okwakheka okuphathekayo kumakhasi omhlaba wangempela.

1. Uhlaka lwamathambo omhlaba wonke lwedokhumenti ye-HTML

Wonke amadokhumenti e-HTML aqala ngesakhiwo esifanayo sezinga eliphezulu: i-doctype, i-html, ikhanda nomzimba. Lokhu kungase kubukeke njenge-boilerplate, kodwa ucezu ngalunye ludlala indima ebalulekile endleleni isiphequluli esihlaziya futhi sinikeze ngayo okuqukethwe kwakho nokuthi izinjini zokusesha zihumusha kanjani ikhasi lakho.

Umugqa wokuqala ngqa isimemezelo se-doctype, esibhalwe njenge ku-HTML5. Lo myalelo awukhiqizi okukhiphayo okubonakalayo; itshela isiphequluli ukuthi sisebenzise imodi yamazinga esikhundleni semodi yama-quirks, sigwema ukuziphatha kokunikeza kwefa okungaphula ngokuphelele isakhiwo sakho noma i-CSS.

Ngemva nje kwe-doctype kufika isici sempande , esonga yonke idokhumenti. Cishe yonke into—kokubili imethadatha yedokhumenti nekhasi elibonakalayo—kuhlala ngaphakathi … . Yilapho futhi umemezela khona ulimi lomuntu lwedokhumenti ngesibaluli solimi, isibonelo ngesiNgisi noma ngeSpanishi esivela eSpain.

Ukumemezela ulimi nge-lang kubalulekile ekufinyeleleni, i-SEO namathuluzi okuhumusha. Izifundi zesikrini zisisebenzisela ukukhetha imithetho efanele yokubiza amagama, izinjini zokusesha nabahumushi abazenzakalelayo basisebenzisa ukuze baqonde ulimi oluyinhloko, futhi i-CSS ingaqondisa ngisho nesitayela esikhethekile solimi isebenzisa izikhethi ezifana nokuthi [lang|=”fr”] noma :lang(zu).

Ngaphakathi kwe-root html element uhlala unezingane ezimbili eziqondile: futhi . Ikhanda liqukethe yonke imethadatha nezisetshenziswa ezidingekayo ukuze kuchazwe nokwethulwa kwekhasi (umbhalo wekhodi, isihloko, i-CSS, izithonjana, ama-canonical URLs, njll.), kuyilapho umzimba uqukethe okuqukethwe abasebenzisi abakubona ngempela futhi bahlanganyele nakho ewindini lesiphequluli.

2. Okungokwakho (futhi kungani kubalulekile)

Ingxenye yekhanda ayibonakali kubavakashi ababonayo, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu endleleni isayithi lakho eliziphatha ngayo, elenza ngayo kanye namazinga. Ulwazi olubeka lapha luqondisa izinjini zokusesha, izinkundla zokuxhumana, iziphequluli namadivayisi ukuthi uliphatha kanjani futhi ulethulela kanjani ikhasi lakho.

Enye yezinto zokuqala ngaphakathi kufanele kube isimemezelo sombhalo wekhodi osetshenziswayo . I-UTF‑8 iyindinganiso ye-HTML5, isekela cishe zonke izinhlamvu ne-emoji, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izihloko zakho, umbhalo, i-CSS ne-JavaScript zitolikwa ngendlela efanele ngaphandle kolimi noma izimpawu ozisebenzisayo.

Wonke amakhasi kufanele futhi achaze okuhlukile nokuchazayo isici. Okuqukethwe ngaphakathi … ivela kuthebhu yesiphequluli, amabhukhimakhi, umlando wesiphequluli futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, njengesihloko esiyinhloko esichofozekayo emakhasini emiphumela yenjini yokusesha ngaphandle kwalapho kubhalwe phezu kwama-meta tags athile. Ngokombono we-SEO, lesi ngesinye sezingcezu zombhalo ezinenani eliphakeme kakhulu kudokhumenti yakho.

Enye into ecishe ibe yisibopho ye-meta ezakhiweni zesimanje isimemezelo sembobo yokubuka. Ukusebenzisa utshela iziphequluli zeselula ukuthi zilinganise isakhiwo sibe ububanzi bedivayisi esikhundleni sokunciphisa idizayini yedeskithophu ibe isikrini esincane, esibalulekile kumklamo osabelayo kanye nokudlulisa ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kweselula nokufinyeleleka.

Ngale kwe-charset, isihloko nendawo yokubuka, inhloko yilapho uchaza khona iningi lemethadatha yakho, izitayela nezixhumanisi ezibalulekile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izincazelo ze-meta ezigxile ku-SEO, amafayela e-CSS, izithonjana zesayithi, ezinye izinguqulo zolimi, ama-URL e-canonical, ama-web manifest, ukuxhuma kuqala nokunye okuningi. Zonke lezi zingcezu zifaka isandla ngokungaqondile endleleni ukwakheka kokuqukethwe kwakho kuqondwa ngayo nokuthi isayithi lakho lizizwa lisebenziseka kanjani.

Imethadatha ebalulekile nezisetshenziswa zesakhiwo

I-CSS ivamise ukuxhunywa ngaphakathi usebenzisa . Amashidi esitayela angaphandle agcina isethulo sihlukanisiwe nesakhiwo, angagcinwa kuwo wonke amakhasi ukuze asebenze kangcono, futhi asize ekugcineni umthombo owodwa weqiniso wesistimu yakho yokuklama.

Ungaphinda ufake i-CSS ku-a block within , or even import additional stylesheets from there. Isibonelo, onjiniyela ngezinye izikhathi basebenzisa okuthi @import ngaphakathi kwethegi yesitayela ukuze babeke ishidi lesitayela kusendlalelo esithile se-cascade, noma bamemezele izici ngokwezifiso ze-CSS (okuguquguqukayo) kokuthi :leveli yezimpande ngaphambi kokubhekisela kuzo kulo lonke isayithi.

I isici sifeza izinhloso eziningi kunamashidi esitayela kuphela. Ngokushintsha isibaluli se-rel ungakhomba i-favicon ene-rel=”icon”, uchaze ezinye izinguqulo zolimi nge-rel=”alternate” kanye ne- hreflang, ucacise i-canonical URL ene-rel=”canonical”, noma i-app eyireferensi kanye nobunye ubudlelwano iziphequluli neziseshi okufanele zazi ngazo.

Ichaza izithonjana nge iqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wakho uyabonakala kuthebhu yesiphequluli nasemabhukhimakhini. Ungacacisa osayizi abahlukene noma izinhlobo (ezifana ne-PNG noma i-SVG), futhi uze unikeze izithonjana ezikhethekile zezingxenyekazi ezifana ne-iOS ene-rel=“apple-touch-icon” noma izithonjana zemaski zamathebhu aphiniwe ku-Safari.

Ezinye izixhumanisi zibalulekile ekusetheni ngezilimi eziningi noma kokuthengiswa kokuqukethwe. Lapho usebenzisa , isibonelo, utshela izinjini zokusesha ukuthi inguqulo yesiFulentshi yekhasi elifanayo ikhona nokuthi iqonde luphi ulimi/isifunda inhlanganisela. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izixhumanisi zingakhomba kokuphakelayo kwe-RSS noma okuhlukile kwe-PDF uma ucacisa uhlobo olufanele.

Ama-Canonical URLs, imibhalo kanye nangavamile ukusetshenziswa

Izixhumanisi zeCanonical ezine-rel=”canonical” zisiza ukuxazulula izimo zokuqukethwe okuyimpinda ngokubonisa ukuthi iyiphi i-URL ewumthombo ogunyaziwe. Uma i-athikili efanayo ikhona ezindleleni eziningi, noma ithunyelwe ngokuphambana kwezinye izizinda, i-canonical URL ihlanganisa amasignali wezinga futhi igwema injini yokusesha ukuqagela ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo okufanele inkomba.

I-JavaScript inamathiselwe kusetshenziswa i- element, which can either embed inline code or reference an external file through the src attribute. Ngenxa yokuthi i-JavaScript ivimbela ngokuzenzakalelayo, onjiniyela abaningi babeka omaka bombhalo ekugcineni komzimba noma basebenzise izibaluli ze-defer noma ze-async ukuze okuqukethwe kwe-HTML kunikeze ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwemibhalo.

Isibaluli sokuhlehlisa sitshela isiphequluli ukuthi silande iskripthi ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukunikezwa futhi sikusebenzise ngemva kokuthi i-HTML isidluliselwe ngokugcwele. Ngokuphambene, i-async iphinde igweme ukuvinjwa ngesikhathi sokulanda kodwa isebenzisa iskripthi ngokushesha uma sesilungile, okungenzeka iphazamise ukugeleza kokuhlaziya, okungaba inkinga uma iskripthi sincike ezintweni ze-DOM ezichazwe kamuva kudokhumenti.

I isici, esivela ekhanda kuphela, sichaza i-URL eyisisekelo nethagethi ezenzakalelayo yazo zonke izixhumanisi ezihlobene. Ngokubeka utshela kahle isiphequluli ukuthi yonke i-URL ehlobene ekhasini kufanele ixazululwe kusukela kuleyo mpande futhi, ngokuzikhethela, ivulwe kumongo othile wokuphequlula njengewindi elisha noma uzimele wezinga eliphezulu.

Nakuba ingaba namandla, inemiphumela engemihle, ikakhulukazi kumahange angaphakathi kwekhasi nezindlela zensiza ehlobene. I-elementi yesisekelo eyodwa kuphela evunyelwe idokhumenti ngayinye, kufanele ivele ngaphambi kwanoma imaphi ama-URL ahlobene, futhi iguqula amahange alula afana nezicelo ze-URL ezigcwele ezinezicucu ezinamathiselwe ku-base href.

3. Isendlalelo sokuqukethwe esibonakalayo: kanye nesakhiwo se-semantic

Yonke into abasebenzisi abayibonayo futhi bahlanganyele nempilo ngaphakathi isici. Lapha yilapho uhlela khona okuqukethwe kwakho ngezinto ze-semantic ezichaza indima yengxenye ngayinye yekhasi: ukuzulazula, okuqukethwe okuyinhloko, izindatshana, amabha aseceleni, onyaweni nokuningi.

I-HTML5 yethule isethi yezakhi ze-semantic ezithathela indawo ejwayelekile iziqukathi ezimweni eziningi. Izinto ezifana , , , , , futhi chaza incazelo esikhundleni sokubukeka nje, okusiza ubuchwepheshe obusizayo nezinjini zokusesha zakha imephu yengqondo yekhasi lakho.

ngokuvamile iqukethe isingeniso noma ukuzulazula kwekhasi noma kwesigaba esithile. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ilogo, isihloko sesayithi, imenyu eyinhloko noma isihloko seqhawe. Ungaba nesihloko seleveli yekhasi eduze kwaphezulu komzimba, kanye nezihloko ezengeziwe ngaphakathi kwezigaba noma ama-athikili uma udinga izethulo ezingaphansi.

inikezelwe kumabhulokhi wokuzulazula futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa amamenyu amakhulu noma amaqembu ezixhumanisi ezibalulekile. Ungase ubeke ukuzulazula okuyinhloko ngaphakathi kweheda, kodwa i-nav ingavela kwenye indawo, isibonelo kubha eseceleni noma kwaphansi, inqobo nje uma isetshenziselwa ukuzulazula hhayi amaqoqo ajwayelekile ezixhumanisi ezingahlobene.

iphawula okuhlukile, okuqukethwe okumaphakathi kwekhasi futhi kufanele kuvele kanye kuphela idokhumenti ngayinye. Ngaphakathi kokuyinhloko uzohlela okuqukethwe kwakho usebenzisa amabhulokhi anezihloko, ngezingcezu ezizimele ezifana nokuthunyelwe kwebhulogi noma izinto zezindaba, kanye ngolwazi oluhlobene kodwa lwesibili njengamanothi aseceleni, izikhangiso noma ukuzulazula okuhambisanayo.

Izigaba, izindatshana, ama-asides kanye nonyaweni

imele ibhlokhi yokuqukethwe ehlukile ngokwetimu, ngokuvamile enesihloko sayo. Lesi kungaba yisahluko esihlokweni eside, ibhulokhi "Yezici" ekhasini lomkhiqizo, noma ingxenye yekhasi lakho eliyisiqalo njengokuthi "Ubufakazi" noma "Izintengo". Izigaba zisiza ukuhlukanisa amadokhumenti ayinkimbinkimbi abe izingcezu ezinengqondo.

isetshenziselwa okuqukethwe okuziqukayo okungazimele ngokwakho ngaphandle komongo ozungezile. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi okubhalwe kumabhulogi, okubhalwe phansi, ukuphawula kwabasebenzisi, izindaba zezindaba noma imilayezo yenkundla. I-athikili ivamise ukufaka inhlokweni yayo (enesihloko, umbhali nodethi) kanye nombhalo waphansi (onamathegi, izixhumanisi zokwabelana noma imethadatha).

kugcinelwe okuqukethwe okuhlobene ngokuqondile nokugeleza okuyinhloko, njengamabha aseceleni, izingcaphuno zokudonsa, izixhumanisi ezihlobene noma amabhulokhi wokukhangisa. Ngenxa yokuthi inhloso yakho iyisengezo, izifundi zesikrini namanye amathuluzi angakuphatha ngendlela efanele, futhi abasebenzisi bangakwazi ukuhlukanisa kalula ukulandisa okubalulekile kokungeziwe kwesibili.

ivela ekugcineni kwesigaba noma ngezansi kwekhasi lonke. Unyaweni weleveli yekhasi ngokuvamile uqukethe izaziso ze-copyright, ulwazi lokuxhumana, ukuzulazula kwesibili, izixhumanisi ezisemthethweni noma amakhredithi esayithi, kuyilapho unyaweni weleveli ye-athikili ungase uphathe ama-bios ombhali, izigaba, izinsuku zokubuyekeza noma okuthunyelwe okuhlobene.

Ukuvumelana nezimo kwalezi zakhi kusho ukuthi ungazixuba futhi uzibeke ukuze zifane nomklamo wakho, kodwa ukunamathela encazelweni yazo ehlosiwe kugcina i-HTML yakho iphatheka futhi iqondakala. Isibonelo, ungabeka ngokusemthethweni i-nav ngaphakathi kwesihloko noma kwenye indawo emzimbeni, kodwa akufanele usebenzise i-nav kumasethi angahleliwe ezixhumanisi ezingeyona ingxenye yokuzulazula, noma usebenzise izikhathi eziningi ekhasini ngalinye.

4. Ukuhlelwa kwezihloko kanye nesakhiwo sombhalo

Izihloko ziwumgogodla wesakhiwo sakho sokuqukethwe, ezichaza ukulandelana kwezihloko nezihlokwana kuyo yonke idokhumenti. I-HTML inikeza amazinga esihloko ayisithupha, kusuka (okubaluleke kakhulu) phansi kuya (okungenani okubalulekile), nendlela ozihlela ngayo ithinta kokubili abafundi abangabantu nezinjini zokusesha.

Ngokuvamile kukhona eyodwa eveza isihloko esiyinhloko sekhasi, kulandele kwezigaba eziyinhloko kanye - ngezigatshana ezijulile. Uma izihloko ezimbili zabelana ngeleveli efanayo, zimelela izigaba zezelamani, kuyilapho isihloko seleveli ephansi sethula isigatshana esivalelwe ngaphakathi kweleveli ephezulu yangaphambilini.

Izigaba nokunye okuqukethwe okulandela isihloko kungokwesigaba esichazwe yileso sihloko. Lapho kuvela isihloko esisha sezinga elifanayo, isigaba sangaphambili sibhekwa njengesivaliwe futhi siqala esisha. Lesi sakhiwo esingacacile yiso esisetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusizayo ukwakha uhlaka abasebenzisi abangagxumela kulo ngokushesha.

Ukweqa amaleveli ngokuzenzakalelayo—njengokweqa usuka ku-h1 ngokuqondile uye ku-h4—kungadida kokubili amathuluzi azenzakalelayo nabafundi. Isincomo esivamile ukuhambisa isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ohlwini: ukusuka ku-h1 kuye ku-h2 ezigatshaneni, bese ngokuzikhethela uye ku-h3, njalo njalo, ukwehla kuphela ileveli eyodwa ngesikhathi lapho okuqukethwe kujule.

Iziphequluli zivame ukusebenzisa izitayela ezizenzakalelayo ezihlokweni: osayizi befonti abakhulu, isisindo esigqamile kanye nesikhala esiqondile esingeziwe. Lezi zitayela ezakhelwe ngaphakathi sezivele zenza isakhiwo sibonakale, kodwa ungakwazi ukulungisa isethulo nge-CSS ngenkathi ugcina ukulandelana kwe-semantic okuyisisekelo kungashintshi.

Izigaba, izinhlu kanye nesemantics esemgqeni

Okuqukethwe kombhalo okuvamile kuyangena izakhi, ngayinye imele isigaba esihlukile. Ukugcina umqondo owodwa oyinhloko esigabeni ngasinye kuthuthukisa ukufundeka futhi kuhambisane nendlela ubuchwepheshe obusizayo obuvumela ngayo abasebenzisi ukuthi bazulazule kumabhulokhi wombhalo.

Uhlu olu-odwe ( ) nezinhlu ezingahlelekile ( ) nge izinto zilungele ulwazi oluqoqwe njengezinyathelo, izici noma imibuzo evame ukubuzwa. Uhlu olu-odwe ludlulisela ukulandelana noma okubalulekile, kuyilapho izinhlu ezingahlelekile zivele ziqoqe izinto ezihlobene ngaphandle kokusho umyalo; zombili ziwusizo kakhulu ekuhleleni izincazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ama-elementi asemgqeni afana , , , nezinye zicebisa okuqukethwe ngaphandle kokuphula ukuhamba kwendima. ikhuluma ngokubaluleka okuqinile (futhi ngokuvamile ibonakala igqamile), igcizelela umbhalo (ngokuvamile i-ithalikhi), futhi idale izixhumanisi ezixhuma amadokhumenti kusayithi lakho lonke noma ezinsizeni zangaphandle.

Izithombe nge zibhekwa njengezici ezishintshiwe futhi azisongi okuqukethwe, kodwa zisabamba iqhaza esakhiweni se-semantic ngokusebenzisa izibaluli ezifana ne-alt. Isibaluli se-alt sibaluleke kakhulu ekufinyelelekeni kanye ne-SEO, njengoba sichaza isithombe kubasebenzisi abangakwazi ukusibona kanye nezinjini zokusesha ezihlaziya umbhalo kuphela.

Ukuhlanganisa ileveli yebhulokhi nezakhi ezingaphakathi komugqa kukuvumela ngokucabangisisa ukuthi uveze ukulandelana, ubudlelwano nokugcizelela kuphela nge-HTML, ushiye imininingwane ebonakalayo efana nemibala, amafonti nesikhala ku-CSS. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kokukhathazeka kugcina umaki wakho uhlanzekile futhi kwenza izinguquko zedizayini zibe lula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

5. Ukufinyeleleka nolimi esakhiweni sokuqukethwe

Idokhumenti ye-HTML eyakhiwe kahle ayikona nje ukubukeka icocekile; kuyimfuneko yokufinyeleleka. Abantu abathembele kuzifundi zesikrini, ukuzulazula kwekhibhodi noma obunye ubuchwepheshe obusizayo bancike kuma-semantics akho e-HTML ukuze baqonde futhi badlule kokuqukethwe kahle.

Ukumemezela ulimi lwedokhumenti nge-lang on the isici singesinye sezinyathelo zokuqala zokufinyeleleka. Uma ulimi lusobala, abafundi besikrini bakhetha indlela efanele yokuphimisela nezichazamazwi, futhi amathuluzi okuhumusha azenzakalelayo aphatha okuqukethwe kwakho ngokunembe kakhulu kuzo zonke izifunda nezilimi zesigodi.

Ungakwazi futhi ukumaka izinguquko zolimi ngaphakathi komzimba usebenzisa i-lang ezintweni ezifana noma . Uma ucezu lushintshela olimini oluhlukile, ukusetha u-lang=”fr-CA” noma lang=”pt-BR” kulawo mazwibela kuya kumathuluzi asizayo lapho imithetho yokuphimisela nokufunda kufanele ishintshele leyo ngxenye kuphela.

Ngale kolimi, izihloko, izimpawu zendawo kanye nombhalo ohlukile kwakha umnyombo wesakhiwo esifinyelelekayo. Sula ukulandelana kwesihloko, ukusetshenziswa okulungile kwenhloko, i-nav, unhlokweni, unyaweni, isigaba kanye nokuseceleni, kanye nezibaluli ezinengqondo ze-alt ezithombeni, vumela ubuchwepheshe obusizayo bakhe uhlaka futhi bunikeze ukuzulazula okuyingqopha-mlando njengokuthi “gxuma kokuqukethwe okuyinhloko” noma “iya ekuzulazuleni”.

Umbala nesitayela esibonakalayo sisodwa akumele kube ukuphela kwendlela yokudlulisa ulwazi olubalulekile. Ukuqhathanisa okuphezulu, osayizi befonti abafundekayo, izimo zokugxila ezicini ezisebenzisanayo nemibhalo yesixhumanisi esichazayo njengokuthi "Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuvimbela umlilo" esikhundleni sokuthi "Chofoza lapha" konke kuyingxenye yokwenza okuqukethwe kwakho okuhleliwe kusetshenziswe abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukuqinisekisa i-HTML yakho nokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokufinyeleleka usebenzisa amathuluzi azenzakalelayo nokuhlola okwenziwa ngesandla kusiza embuleni izinkinga zesakhiwo kusenesikhathi. Amathuluzi angathola ezinye izibaluli ezilahlekile, isidleke esingavumelekile, ukulandelana kwesihloko okuphukile noma ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kophawu lwendawo, konke okungalungiswa ngokuqondile kumakhaphu akho ngaphambi kokuthi kuthinte abasebenzisi bangempela.

6. Ukuhlela ukwakheka kokuqukethwe kwesizindalwazi

Ngaphambi kokuthi ubhale ithegi eyodwa, kuyakhokha ukuhlela ukwakheka okunengqondo kwesayithi lakho namakhasi. Ukucabanga ngokwezigaba, okubalulekile kolwazi kanye nokugeleza kokuzulazula kuholela ku-HTML okulula ukuyinakekela, ukunwetshwa nokwandisa izinjini zokusesha.

Isiqalo esivamile ukudweba imephu yesayithi noma umdwebo wesakhiwo sewebhusayithi. Lokhu kuvame ukufaka amakhasi ezinga eliphezulu njengeKhaya, Mayelana, Izinkonzo, Ibhulogi, Oxhumana naye, kanye nanoma imaphi amakhasi amancane noma izigaba ezihlukana nalawo, okubonisa ukuthi abasebenzisi bazozulazula kanjani phakathi kwawo.

Ngaphakathi kwekhasi elilodwa, ungakwazi ukuhlela isakhiwo sakho se-HTML sesikhathi esizayo njengochungechunge lwamabhulokhi e-semantic. Ngokwesibonelo, ungase uchaze unhlokweni onelogo kanye ne-nav, indawo eyinhloko enezigaba ezimbalwa (iqhawe, izici, ubufakazi, intengo), eceleni kokuqukethwe kwesibili, kanye nonyaweni oqukethe ulwazi lokuxhumana nezixhumanisi zomthetho.

Ukwabela izihloko kulawo mabhulokhi kusenesikhathi kugcina ukulandelana kwakho kwe-h1-h6 kuhambisana. Unquma kusenesikhathi ukuthi i-h1 eyodwa izoba yini, yiziphi izigaba ezifanele izihloko ezingu-h2, futhi lapho izihlokwana ezijulile ezifana no-h3 noma u-h4 zidingeka khona ukuze kuchazwe izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokucindezela umfundi.

Ngokombono we-SEO kanye ne-UX, kuwukuhlakanipha ukubeka okuqukethwe okubalulekile nezigaba ezibalulekile ngaphambi kwesikhathi ku-DOM. Izinjini zokusesha ngokuvamile zinaka kakhulu okuqukethwe eduze naphezulu kwedokhumenti, futhi abasebenzisi bayakujabulela ukuthola ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngokushesha kunokuskrola izingeniso ezinde ezidlule noma izici zokuhlobisa.

Imikhuba engcono kakhulu yezakhiwo ze-HTML ezigcinekayo

Sebenzisa amagama achazayo ekilasi nama-ID ukuze ulebule izici zesakhiwo uma kudingeka, kodwa gwema ukuhlukanisa izidleke ngokweqile. Amakilasi afana ne-.main-nav, .site-header noma .sidebar akutshela nje ukuthi ingxenye yenzani, okwenza i-HTML yakho ne-CSS kube lula ukuyifunda ezinyangeni kamuva.

Gcina i-HTML yakho iphansi ngangokunokwenzeka ngenkathi usaveza ukulandelana kwangempela. Iziqukathi ezinesidleke esijulile ezikhona ukwenza isitayela kuphela ngokuvamile zingathathelwa indawo yi-CSS ecatshangelwayo, okuholela emakhakheni ahlanzekile futhi alula okulula kuwo wonke umuntu ukusebenza ngawo.

Okuqukethwe okuhlobene neqembu ngaphakathi kwezakhi ze-semantic esikhundleni sokukusakaza ekhasini. Isibonelo, okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kufanele kuhlale ngaphakathi kwe-athikili, enesihloko sayo, idethi, umbhali nokuqukethwe ndawonye, ​​kuyilapho okuthunyelwe okuhlobene noma umlando wombhali ungahlala eceleni noma kunyaweni we-athikili, ehlukaniswe ngokucacile nendaba eyinhloko.

Vakashela kabusha isakhiwo sakho noma nini lapho unweba ikhasi noma uklama kabusha isigaba. Kulula kumadokhumenti e-HTML ukuthi aqongelele okusonga okukodwa kanye nezici ze-ad-hoc ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke ukuwenza kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile abuyisele umumo we-semantic ohambisanayo kukhokha ukugcinwa, ukusebenza nokufinyeleleka.

Ukubhala amaphethini akho esakhiwo—njengokuthi ubakha kanjani izihloko, izigaba, ama-athikili nonyaweni—kusiza ekugcineni amaqembu amakhulu angashintshi. Umhlahlandlela wangaphakathi omncane ochaza ukuthi yiziphi izici okufanele zisetshenziswe ekuzulazuleni, ukuthi uzihlela kanjani izihloko kanye nendlela yokumaka izingxenye eziphindaphindwayo zingavimbela i-codebase yakho ukuthi iguquke ibe i-patchwork yesakhiwo.

7. Amaphethini esakhiwo asebenzayo ezinhlobo zamakhasi ajwayelekile

Izinhlobo ezihlukene zamakhasi zivame ukwabelana ngamaphethini esakhiwo ongawasebenzisa kabusha futhi uwajwayeze kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi. Ukubona lawa maphethini kuzokusiza ukuthi uklame izakhiwo zokuqukethwe ezizizwa zingokwemvelo kubasebenzisi futhi ezilula ukuzisebenzisa nge-HTML.

Ikhasi eliyisiqalo elijwayelekile lingase liqale ngelembulunga yonke equkethe ilogo kanye nesisekelo . Lokhu kuvame ukulandelwa ngu-a ngeziningi amabhlogo: isigaba seqhawe esino-h1 kanye nokubizelwa esenzweni, isigaba sezici, mhlawumbe isigaba sobufakazi, kanye nesigaba sokugcina esimema abasebenzisi ukuthi bathintane noma babhalise.

Ngezansi kokuqukethwe okuyinhloko, a ngokuvamile inikeza ulwazi lomhlaba jikelele kanye nokuzulazula okungeziwe. Izixhumanisi zezinqubomgomo zobumfihlo, imigomo yesevisi, izinketho zokuxhumana nabantu, amanethiwekhi omphakathi kanye namamenyu esibili ahlala lapha, okwenza kube lula ukutholakala ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokuqukethwe okuyinhloko ngenhla.

Ikhasi lokuthunyelwe kwebhulogi liyikhandidethi eliphelele le isici. I-athikili ngokuvamile izoqukatha isihloko sayo esinesihloko sokuthunyelwe (ngokuvamile ikhasi elithi h1), idethi yokushicilela kanye nemininingwane yombhali, elandelwa indikimba yokuthunyelwe, ehlukaniswe izigaba ezinezihloko ezingu-h2/h3, futhi ekugcineni unyaweni we-athikili oqukethe omaka, izinkinobho zokwabelana noma izixhumanisi zokuqukethwe ezihlobene.

Amabha aseceleni noma amaphaneli esibili amelelwa yi izakhi. Angase ahlanganise uhlu lokuthunyelwe kwakamuva, izihlungi zezigaba, amafomu okubhalisa encwadi yezindaba noma usizo lokuqukethwe. Ngenxa yokuthi eceleni kumakwe ngokomqondo njengokuqukethwe okuhambisanayo, ubuchwepheshe obusizayo bungakwethula kanjalo kubasebenzisi.

Amakhasi wokuxhumana namakhasi wesevisi aphinda asebenzise amabhlogo wokwakha afanayo kodwa agcizelela ukucaca nokusebenzisana kalula. Sula izihloko, izigaba ezimfishane, izilawuli zefomu ezilebulwe kahle kanye nohlelo lokufunda olunengqondo kuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzisi bangathola indlela yokukufinyelela noma baqonde okunikezwayo kwakho ngaphandle kokuqagela.

8. Izakhi ze-HTML, izimfanelo kanye nendima yazo ekwakhiweni

Ngaphansi kwawo wonke lawa maphethini, yonke into ku-HTML ifinyelela ezintweni, amathegi nezibaluli. Ukuqonda ukuthi basebenza kanjani ndawonye kukunikeza ukulawula okuhle kakhulu phezu kwesakhiwo sokuqukethwe kwakho, izingwegwe zephrezentheshini nokuziphatha.

Isici se-HTML sakhiwe umaka wokuvula, izimfanelo ozikhethela, okunye okuqukethwe kanye, ezimweni eziningi, umaka wokuvala. Ngokwesibonelo, Lesi yisigaba. ihlanganisa umaka wokuqala , inodi yombhalo, kanye nethegi yokugcina , konke ndawonye kumelela ingxenye yesigaba.

Izibaluli zivela ngaphakathi komaka wokuvula futhi zinikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-elementi. Afika njengamapheya egama=”inani”, njengesigaba=”highlight”, id=”intro” noma href="/contact”. Ezinye izibaluli zingezembulunga yonke futhi zingavela kunoma iyiphi i-elementi (njengesigaba, i-id, i-lang), kuyilapho ezinye ziqondiswe kumathegi athile (njenge-src ye-img noma thayipha okokufaka).

Amakilasi abaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni nasekufakeni isitayela amadokhumenti amakhulu. Ngokunikeza ikilasi elifanayo kuma-elementi amaningi—ithi, isigaba=”okubalulekile”—ungasebenzisa imithetho ye-CSS evamile noma uyiqondise ku-JavaScript, ugcine isakhiwo sakho sivumelana nezimo ngenkathi sisalawuleka.

Akuwona wonke ama-elementi adinga omaka bokuvala; ezinye izinto ezingenalutho (ezingenalutho) ezingenakho okuqukethwe. Izinto ezifana , , futhi bangene kulesi sigaba. Basabamba iqhaza esakhiweni sakho, kodwa kuphela ngezibaluli zabo, ngoba abasongi noma yimuphi umbhalo wangaphakathi noma izingane.

I-World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) igcina ukucaciswa okuchaza ukuthi zonke lezi zakhi nezibaluli zisebenza kanjani ndawonye. Ukulandela lezo zindinganiso kugcina amakhasi akho esebenzisana kuzo zonke iziphequluli namadivayisi, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwakho kokuqukethwe okuklanywe ngokucophelela kusebenza ngendlela ebikezelwayo kuso sonke isivakashi.

Ukwenza konke lokhu kusho ukuphatha i-HTML njengomgogodla we-semantic wesayithi lakho: uhlaka olucacile lwedokhumenti, ukusetshenziswa okunembile kwezihloko, isakhiwo esicabangelayo esinesihloko esikhulu, isigaba, isiqephu sendatshana, eceleni nosezansi, imethadatha etholakala ekhanda kanye nezici ezizwakalayo kuzo zonke izici ngokuhlangene kwenza okuqukethwe kwakho kufundeke kalula, ukuzulazula nokubeka kahle ezinjinini zokusesha.